P23 - Urinary Part 3

Question 1

where do ureters enter the bladder

Answer 1

• obliquely at the trigone

Question 2

lower urinary tract portals of entry (3)

Answer 2

• ascending infection
• direct penetration from lumen
• direct penetration from abdomen (cystocentesis)

Question 3

defense mechanisms of the lower urinary tract (5)

Answer 3

• flushing action of urine reduces risk of ascending infection
• peristalsis acts to eliminate bacteria
• slightly acidic urine reduces growth of some bacteria
• protective urethral mucus layer reduces bacterial adhesion
• innate and adaptive immune responses

Question 4

development abnormalities of the kidneys (5)

Answer 4

• renal aplasia, hypoplasia, dysplasia
• ectopic kidney
• fused kidneys
• renal cysts
• polycystic kidney

Question 5

renal aplasia, hypoplasia and dysplasia

Answer 5

• aplasia - growth that never happened
• hypoplasia - growth that never reached normal potential
• dysplasia - abnormal development

Question 6

a specific form of renal dysplasia is

Answer 6

• juvenile progressive nephropathy

Question 7

juvenile progressive nephropathy is an inherited disease of what breeds (3)

Answer 7

• Lhasa Apso
• Shih Tzu
• Golden retriever

Question 8

ectopic kidney

Answer 8

• abnormal migration of renal tissue during fetal development
• usually just involves 1 kidney

Question 9

fused kidenys

Answer 9

• horseshoe kidney
• fusion during nephrogenesis
• 1 large kidney with 2 ureters
• usually maintains normal function

Question 10

renal cysts (common in what species; results from what)

Answer 10

• spherical, thin-walled distended tubules filled with clear watery fluid
• common in pigs and cattle
• results from tubular obstruction or tubular dysplasia

Question 11

polycystic kidney defined as

Answer 11

• many renal cysts affecting numerous nephrons

- may be inherited and may be accompanied by cystic biliary disease

Question 12

polycystic kidney disease is an inherited autosomal dominant trait in (2)

Answer 12

• persian cats

- bull terriers

Question 13

pathogenesis of polycystic kidney disease

Answer 13

• mutations in one or multiple genes (PKD-1 and/or PKD-2) resulting in abnormal tubulogenesis

Question 14

what is the most common glomerular disease of dogs and cats

Answer 14

• immune complex glomerulonephritis

Question 15

diseases of the glomerulus (6)

Answer 15

• immune-mediated glomerulonephritis
• glomerulosclerosis
• glomerular amyloidosis
• acute suppurative glomerulitis
• viral glomerulitis
• chemical glomerulitis

Question 16

immune complex glomerulonephritis is associated with ____ infections that enhances formation of abundant soluble immune complexes in blood plasma

Answer 16

• persistent

- is due to antigen in blood

Question 17

immune complex glomerulonephritis occurs most commonly in what species (2)

Answer 17

• dogs

- cats

Question 18

gross lesions of immune complex glomerulonephritis

Answer 18

• subtle or non-existent

- may see swollen, enlarged glomeruli as red or pin-point foci in cortex (deposition of fibrin)

Question 19

glomerulosclerosis (GS) is a condition of ____ and _ _ _ and also associated with high __ __ and unrestricted dietary ___

Answer 19

• aging
• chronic renal injury
• blood pressure
• protein

Question 20

glomerular amyloidosis is common in what breeds (2)

Answer 20

• abyssinian cats

- Shar-Pei

Question 21

glomerular amyloidosis is typically associated with what that occurs with chronic inflammatory diseases

Answer 21

• reactive systemic amyloidosis (AA amyloidosis)

Question 22

T/F: amyloidosis is common cause of proteinuria and protein losing nephropathy

Answer 22

• true

Question 23

microscopic lesions of glomerular amyloidosis

Answer 23

• deposition of amyloid protein within glomerular tufts

- congo red stain

Question 24

acute suppurative glomerulitis is also known as

Answer 24

• bacterial embolic nephritis

Question 25

acute suppurative glomerulitis causes what kind of pattern on the kidney

Answer 25

• multiple, randomly distributed foci of suppurative inflammation