P15 - Neoplastic Part 3 Flashcards
1
Q
epigenetic changes
A
- heritable change
- non-genetic factors that alter gene expression
- can enhance or suppress gene expression
- targets for therapy
2
Q
stages of carcinogenesis
A
- initiation
- promotion
- progression
3
Q
initiation of carcinogenesis
A
- irreversible genetic change results in uncontrolled proliferation
- initiators (agents that damage DNA)
4
Q
promotion of carcinogenesis
A
- outgrowth of initiated cells in response to stimuli
- new growth is benign
5
Q
promoters of carcinogenesis
A
- drive proliferation
- usually not mutagens
- effects can be reversible
6
Q
progression of carcinogenesis
A
- reversible changes can occur but it is required that irreversible changes occur
7
Q
progression of carcinogenesis can involve
A
- genetic changes
- epigenetic changes
- alterations in tumor environment
8
Q
primary targets of genetic damage that leads to cancer are genes that code for proteins that (5)
A
- regulate cell growth
- inhibit cell growth
- regulate apoptosis
- regulate DNA repair
- promote cell movement
9
Q
pathways for metastasis (3)
A
- implantation
- hematogenous
- lymphatics
10
Q
implantation, tumor must be able to (3)
A
- release from adjacent cells
- implant and attach to tissues at another site
- develop their own blood supply
11
Q
hematogenous tumor must be able to (7)
A
- release from adjacent cells
- actively migrate through extracellular matrix
- actively invade blood vessels
- evade host immune response
- adhere to endothelium and basement membrane downstream
- actively migrate out of blood vessel
- develop own blood supply
12
Q
lymphatics tumor cells must be able to (4)
A
- release from adjacent cells
- move into extracellular matrix
- be picked up by (or directly invade) lymphatics
- develop blood supply at distance
13
Q
lymphatic spread
A
- spread to regional lymph nodes
14
Q
neoplasms consist of 2 basic components
A
- parenchyma
- stroma
15
Q
angiogenesis
A
- new blood vessel formation
- required for tumor growth
- required for metastasis
