P21 - Urinary Part 1 Flashcards
4 main components of the kidney
- glomerulus
- tubules
- interstitium
- vasculature
what part of the kidney should be removed during necropsy to examine the cortical surface
- external fibrous capsule
color of the outer cortex in mature cats
- yellow
when can the glomerulus be seen macroscopically
- when accentuated by inflammation (glomerulonephritis)
- appear as granular foci in cortex on cut surface
type of capillaries the glomerulus contains
- fenestrated
function of mesangial cells in the glomerulus
- production of collage and matrix
- specialized smooth muscle cells that contract tuft
- phagocytosis
- secretion of inflammatory mediators
what are podocytes and what are they important for
- visceral epithelial cells that participate in glomerular filtration
- important for filtration barrier
glomerular filtration barrier filtration slits are formed between what
- podocyte pedicels and fenestrated endothelial cells with shared basal lamina
what is the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) composed of
- type IV collagen and numerous glycoproteins
T/F: the proximal tubule has an absorptive function
- true
T/F: the descending limb is thin and permeable
- true
T/F: the ascending limb is thick and permeable
- false: is thick but is impermeable
interstitial cells are responsible for the production of what
- prostaglandins
amount of connective tissue increases with what 3 things
- age
- chronic inflammation
- ischemic damage
which part of the renal vasculature is more susceptible to embolism leading to renal infarction (2)
- interlobular arteries
- arcuate artery
five basic renal functions
- production of urine to eliminate metabolic waste
- acid-base regulation through reclamation of bicarbonate from glomerular filtrate
- conservation of water
- maintenance of normal extracellular K concentration
- control of endocrine function
K is actively excreted under the influence of what
- aldosterone
the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) regulates what 2 things
- blood pressure
- fluid balance
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system basic function
- JG cells produce renin -> converts agniotensinogen to angiotensin I -> ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
functions of angiotensin II in the RAAS
- constricts afferent renal arterioles
- stimulates aldosterone release (increase Na reabsorption & K excretion)
- stimulates ADH (water reabsorbed)
clinical indications of renal failure (5)
- altered urine quantity
- altered urine quality (USG)
- proteinuria
- azotemia
- uremia (uremic syndrome)
acute renal failure urine quantity
- oliguria or anuria
renal failure USG
- isosthenuria (1.008-1.012)
uremic syndrome
- when entire body starts to respond and lesions occur outside of the kidney
renal failure can lead to death by (3)
- cardiotoxicity (elevated serum K)
- metabolic acidosis
- pulmonary edema
causes of azotemia (3)
- pre-renal
- renal
- post renal
renal azotemia caused by damage to renal tissue such a what 4 things
- acute tubular necrosis
- acute glomerulonephritis
- tubulointerstitial nephritis
- acute pyelonephritis
most common cause of acute glomerulonephritis
- immune complexes
uremia can cause systemic lesions by 2 mechanisms
- endothelial injury
- epithelial injury
in uremic syndrome causing epithelial injury due to ammonia accumulation at mucosal surfaces, how is ammonia produced
- by urea-splitting bacteria (uremic toxicity)
