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Pediatrics > Nutrition Book > Flashcards

Nutrition Book Flashcards

1
Q

**know the recommended nutrition source for each age as discussed in class

A
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2
Q

**what trends do we observe for fluid and macronutrient requirements for children

A

extremely high in infants, slower in toddlers, slightly higher in preschool, high in school and adol

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3
Q

**what are early childhood caries? how do they occur? why do we care?

A

presence of one or more decayed, lost, or filled tooth surfaces in primary teeth
fluid pools, decrease of saliva, decrease acid buffering = tooth decay
avoid pitting child to bed with bottle

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4
Q

**breast milk storage guidelines (4/4/4)

A
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5
Q

** when should complementary foods be introduced? When shoud the bottle be weaned

A

introduce cup at 8-9 mo, 1 year most liquids from a cup
introduce complementary foods at 6 mo (infant sit with out support)

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6
Q

**what are some of the considerations for the introduction of solid foods in infancy

A

rice cereal first, veggies than fruit at 6-8 mo, meats 8-10 mo, avoid honey until 1 year old, introduce one thing at a time and wait 3-4 days

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7
Q

**what are the nutritional needs of the toddler?

A

decreased from infancy
3 meals and 2 snacks
16-24 oz of milk/day
4-6 oz of juice/day

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8
Q

** what is physiological anorexia

A

extremely high metabolic demands of infancy slow to keep pace with the more moderate growth rate of toddlerhood

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9
Q

** what are the nutritional needs of teenagers

A

increase calories, more than 2000

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10
Q

**what is food insecurity? what is the major cause of childhood hunger? What risks stem from hunger?

A

inability to acquire or consume adequate quality or quantity of foods in socially acceptable ways

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11
Q

**how is obesity defined? what about being overweight

A
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12
Q

**what is colic?

A
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13
Q

** what is celiac disease

A
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14
Q

**define pica, what are the clinical manifestations of pica

A
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15
Q

** what are some causes of failure to thrive? what are some nursing interventions to help

A
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16
Q

**know s/s of anorexia and bulimia. what are some nursing dx for each

A
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17
Q

** what are the nursing responsibilities for gastric tubes? TPN? central lines?

A

prevent infection and skin breakdown, ensure NG is placed correctly, check residuals, TPN is through veins

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18
Q

why do infants have high fluid requirements and what is that requirement

A

140-160mL/kg/day
decreased ability to concentrate urine and increase metabolic rate

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19
Q

who is more susceptible to dehydration

A

infants

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20
Q

infant calorie intake

A

100-115cal/kg/day

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21
Q

primary carb in breast milk and what does it do

A

lactose
enhance absorption of ca, mg, and zinc

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22
Q

glucosamines

A

connective tissue

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23
Q

oligosaccharides

A

lactobacillus bifidus
- helps fights bad bacterial

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24
Q

50% of infant cals come from

A

fatf

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25
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

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26
Q

fatty acids are the key to what development

A

brain development

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27
Q

protein is related to what

A

muscle

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28
Q

vitamin B and C is what soluble

A

water

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29
Q

weaning

A

infants stop breast feeding and obtain liquids from a cup

gradual process

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30
Q

when to offer cup

A

8-9 mo

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31
Q

when should they be able to drink liquids from a cup

A

1 year

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32
Q

when can complementary foods be added

A

when infant can sit unsupported
6-12 mo

this is in addition to breast milk

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33
Q

what is the first complementary food

A

rice cereal

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34
Q

how much complementary food should we give before feeding

A

1-2 tbsp

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35
Q

when they are eating 1/4 cup 2x daily, around 6-8 mo we can add

A

veggies and fruit

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36
Q

when can we add meat or protein

A

8-10 months

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37
Q

what should we avoid for choking

A

hot dogs, hard veggies, candy, chunks of PB

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38
Q

for the high risk allergy infants we should avoid

A

cow milk 1 year
eggs 2 year
PB and shellfish 3 year

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39
Q

no cows milk before

A

1 year
- can lead to bleeding and anemia

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40
Q

no honey before

A

1 year
-botulism

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41
Q

toddlers appear to eat little or a lot

A

little

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42
Q

toddler meal and snacks

A

3 meals, 2 snacks

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43
Q

when should we offer foods for toddlers

A

at mealtime

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44
Q

whole milk vs 2% milk

A

whole milk 1-2 year
2% greater than 2 years

45
Q

toddler amount of milk

A

16-24 oz/day of milk

46
Q

toddler amount of juice

A

4-6oz/day to decrease caries

47
Q

preschool, mealtime is a

A

social event

48
Q

preschool fast food

A

1 time per week

49
Q

preschool growth rate

A

slow and steady

50
Q

food jags preschool

A

eating only a few foods for several days or weeks and greater or lesser intake

51
Q

preschool meals and snacks

A

3 meals and 2-3 snacks

52
Q

5 a day rule for preschool

A

5 servings of fruit/veg each day

53
Q

preschool juice amont

A

8-12ox

54
Q

preschool what supplement if water doesn’t have it

A

fluoride

55
Q

school age growth

A

gradual

56
Q

girl growth spurt age

A

10-11 years

57
Q

boys growth spurt age

A

11-12

58
Q

with growth spurts what happens to the nutritional needs

A

increase

59
Q

when do we have permeant teeth eruption

A

6 years

60
Q

how many secondary teeth

A

32

61
Q

what age do we have 22-26 secondary teeth

A

12

62
Q

molars develop in

A

teenage

63
Q

adol cal intake

A

over 2000
maybe close to 3000 for boys

64
Q

adol fast food

A

increase fat, cals, sodium
decrease in nutrients, vit, fiber

65
Q

food insecurity

A

indicates an inability to acquire or consume adequate quality or quantity of foods in socially acceptable ways

66
Q

major cause of childhood hunger is

A

poverty

67
Q

complications of childhood hunger

A

anemic
increase rate of infectious disease due to decreased immune
slowed developmental maturaiton
delayed or stunted physical growth
learning disorders
overweight
cardiovascular disesase
diabetes

68
Q

risk factor for childhood hunger

A

special nutritional needs
- allergies, diabetes, immune disorder

69
Q

why is there an increase in overweight and obesity

A

exercise less, calories are about the same
- driving and unsafe neighborhoods
- increase TV and video games

70
Q

older than 2 year old how much screen time

A

2 hr max

71
Q

how much of exercise

A

30-60 min

72
Q

what might help with food intake

A

MyPlate

73
Q

obesity/overweight complications

A

T2 diabetes
stroke
gallbladder disease
arthritis
CV disease
sleep disturbances
hypertension
dyslipidemia
resp problems
certain cancer
depression
low self esteem

74
Q

how much of the youth is overweight

A

1/3

75
Q

celiac disease

A

immunologic disorder characterized by intolerance for gluten leading to the inability to digest glutenin and gliadin

76
Q

BM of celiac disease

A

steatorrhea
greasy, foul smelling, frothy and excessive stools

77
Q

6mo to 2 years s/s celiac disease

A

chronic diarrhea, growth impairment. abdominal distention, poor appetite, decreased energy, muscle wasting, hypotonia

78
Q

5-7 years old delayed onset s/s celiac disease

A

N/V, abdominal pain, bloating, tooth enamel defects, aphthous ulcer

79
Q

celiac disease diagnostic

A

fecal fat content
duodenal biopsy
improvement with removal of gluten
IgA

80
Q

treatment of celiac disease

A

total exclusion of gluten

81
Q

complications of celiac disease

A

growth retardation and GI cancers

82
Q

colic s/s

A

paroxysmal abdominal pain
severe crying lasting 3 hours and 3 time per week
- crying peaks around 6 mo and resolves by 3-4 months
distended abdomen
episodes occur at same time

83
Q

treatment of colic

A

supportive
- simethicone drops
formula changes

84
Q

pica

A

ingestion of nonfood items or foods items consumed in abonrla quantities or forms
- corn starch, pain, soil, paper, flour, coffee

85
Q

pica might be a cover up to

A

deficincies

86
Q

treatment of pica

A

removing access to the substance
ensuring an adequate and nutritious
treating any dietary deficiencies

87
Q

pica risk factors

A

pregnancy
children who fail to take in adequate nutrients

88
Q

anorexia nervosa s/s

A

cessation of menses
extreme wt loss
distorted body image
cold intolerance
lanugo
bradycardia
abdominal discomfort
preoccupation with weight and food

89
Q

anorexia nervosa diagnostic

A

increase stress
leukopenia
electrolyte imbalance
hypoglycemia
H & H
serum vitamins and vitamin precursor

90
Q

treatment of anorexia

A

restore healthy weight
address psych issues
antidepressants
possible TPN

91
Q

weight gain of anorexia

A

2-3lb/wk inpatinet
.5-1lb/wk outpatient

92
Q

indications of hospitalization for anxoresia

A

loss of 25-35% of BW
being 85% or less of healthy weight
fluid, electrolyte, cardiac arrhythmia, hypotension

93
Q

bulimia nervosa s/s

A

binge eating followed by purging
overweight or thin
erosion of tooth enamel
increase dental carries
gum recession
calluses on back of the hand
abdominal distention
esophageal tears

94
Q

bulimia after mealtime

A

monitor for 30 mins after mealtime

95
Q

Nutrition

A

refers to taking in food and assimilating it metaboli- cally for use by the body.

96
Q

macronutrients

A

the major building blocks of the body, are carbohydrates, protein, and fat.

97
Q

micronutrients

A

vitamins and minerals or sub- stances needed in small quantities for healthy body function- ing.

98
Q

dietary reference intakes (DRI)

A

are a set of values established by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and the National Academy of Science that can be used to assess and plan intake for individuals of different ages

99
Q

nutritional needs evolve during

A

all of infancy and childhood

100
Q

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

refers to the energy needed for thermoregulation, cardiorespiratory function, cellular activity, and growth

101
Q

anthropometric measurement

A

used to refer to assessment of various parts of the body. Anthropometry of young children commonly includes weight, length, and head circumference.

102
Q

what percentile do children normally fall in and what does it mean to fall outside

A

Children normally fall between the 10th and 90th percentiles. A measurement below the 10th percentile, especially for BMI, may indicate undernutrition, and one over the 90th percentile can indi- cate overnutrition.

103
Q

what is normally used to assess the adequacy of the diet

A

24 hour diet recall

104
Q

food borne illness transmission is normally associated with

A

food prep- aration and storage practices, lack of adequate training of retail employees about foods and hygiene, and increasing amounts and types of foods being imported from other countries.

105
Q

complication of iron deficiency

A

anemia

106
Q

complications of calcium deficients

A

osteoporosis

107
Q

complication of Vit d deficiency

A

rickets

108
Q

complications of folic acid defeicniey

A

spina bifida

109
Q

complication of protein enegery malnutrition

A

kwashiorkor
marasmus

Pediatrics (37 decks)

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