Nutrition Book Flashcards
**know the recommended nutrition source for each age as discussed in class
**what trends do we observe for fluid and macronutrient requirements for children
extremely high in infants, slower in toddlers, slightly higher in preschool, high in school and adol
**what are early childhood caries? how do they occur? why do we care?
presence of one or more decayed, lost, or filled tooth surfaces in primary teeth
fluid pools, decrease of saliva, decrease acid buffering = tooth decay
avoid pitting child to bed with bottle
**breast milk storage guidelines (4/4/4)
** when should complementary foods be introduced? When shoud the bottle be weaned
introduce cup at 8-9 mo, 1 year most liquids from a cup
introduce complementary foods at 6 mo (infant sit with out support)
**what are some of the considerations for the introduction of solid foods in infancy
rice cereal first, veggies than fruit at 6-8 mo, meats 8-10 mo, avoid honey until 1 year old, introduce one thing at a time and wait 3-4 days
**what are the nutritional needs of the toddler?
decreased from infancy
3 meals and 2 snacks
16-24 oz of milk/day
4-6 oz of juice/day
** what is physiological anorexia
extremely high metabolic demands of infancy slow to keep pace with the more moderate growth rate of toddlerhood
** what are the nutritional needs of teenagers
increase calories, more than 2000
**what is food insecurity? what is the major cause of childhood hunger? What risks stem from hunger?
inability to acquire or consume adequate quality or quantity of foods in socially acceptable ways
**how is obesity defined? what about being overweight
**what is colic?
** what is celiac disease
**define pica, what are the clinical manifestations of pica
** what are some causes of failure to thrive? what are some nursing interventions to help
**know s/s of anorexia and bulimia. what are some nursing dx for each
** what are the nursing responsibilities for gastric tubes? TPN? central lines?
prevent infection and skin breakdown, ensure NG is placed correctly, check residuals, TPN is through veins
why do infants have high fluid requirements and what is that requirement
140-160mL/kg/day
decreased ability to concentrate urine and increase metabolic rate
who is more susceptible to dehydration
infants
infant calorie intake
100-115cal/kg/day
primary carb in breast milk and what does it do
lactose
enhance absorption of ca, mg, and zinc
glucosamines
connective tissue
oligosaccharides
lactobacillus bifidus
- helps fights bad bacterial
50% of infant cals come from
fatf
fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
fatty acids are the key to what development
brain development
protein is related to what
muscle
vitamin B and C is what soluble
water
weaning
infants stop breast feeding and obtain liquids from a cup
gradual process
when to offer cup
8-9 mo
when should they be able to drink liquids from a cup
1 year
when can complementary foods be added
when infant can sit unsupported
6-12 mo
this is in addition to breast milk
what is the first complementary food
rice cereal
how much complementary food should we give before feeding
1-2 tbsp
when they are eating 1/4 cup 2x daily, around 6-8 mo we can add
veggies and fruit
when can we add meat or protein
8-10 months
what should we avoid for choking
hot dogs, hard veggies, candy, chunks of PB
for the high risk allergy infants we should avoid
cow milk 1 year
eggs 2 year
PB and shellfish 3 year
no cows milk before
1 year
- can lead to bleeding and anemia
no honey before
1 year
-botulism
toddlers appear to eat little or a lot
little
toddler meal and snacks
3 meals, 2 snacks
when should we offer foods for toddlers
at mealtime
whole milk vs 2% milk
whole milk 1-2 year
2% greater than 2 years
toddler amount of milk
16-24 oz/day of milk
toddler amount of juice
4-6oz/day to decrease caries
preschool, mealtime is a
social event
preschool fast food
1 time per week
preschool growth rate
slow and steady
food jags preschool
eating only a few foods for several days or weeks and greater or lesser intake
preschool meals and snacks
3 meals and 2-3 snacks
5 a day rule for preschool
5 servings of fruit/veg each day
preschool juice amont
8-12ox
preschool what supplement if water doesn’t have it
fluoride
school age growth
gradual
girl growth spurt age
10-11 years
boys growth spurt age
11-12
with growth spurts what happens to the nutritional needs
increase
when do we have permeant teeth eruption
6 years
how many secondary teeth
32
what age do we have 22-26 secondary teeth
12
molars develop in
teenage
adol cal intake
over 2000
maybe close to 3000 for boys
adol fast food
increase fat, cals, sodium
decrease in nutrients, vit, fiber
food insecurity
indicates an inability to acquire or consume adequate quality or quantity of foods in socially acceptable ways
major cause of childhood hunger is
poverty
complications of childhood hunger
anemic
increase rate of infectious disease due to decreased immune
slowed developmental maturaiton
delayed or stunted physical growth
learning disorders
overweight
cardiovascular disesase
diabetes
risk factor for childhood hunger
special nutritional needs
- allergies, diabetes, immune disorder
why is there an increase in overweight and obesity
exercise less, calories are about the same
- driving and unsafe neighborhoods
- increase TV and video games
older than 2 year old how much screen time
2 hr max
how much of exercise
30-60 min
what might help with food intake
MyPlate
obesity/overweight complications
T2 diabetes
stroke
gallbladder disease
arthritis
CV disease
sleep disturbances
hypertension
dyslipidemia
resp problems
certain cancer
depression
low self esteem
how much of the youth is overweight
1/3
celiac disease
immunologic disorder characterized by intolerance for gluten leading to the inability to digest glutenin and gliadin
BM of celiac disease
steatorrhea
greasy, foul smelling, frothy and excessive stools
6mo to 2 years s/s celiac disease
chronic diarrhea, growth impairment. abdominal distention, poor appetite, decreased energy, muscle wasting, hypotonia
5-7 years old delayed onset s/s celiac disease
N/V, abdominal pain, bloating, tooth enamel defects, aphthous ulcer
celiac disease diagnostic
fecal fat content
duodenal biopsy
improvement with removal of gluten
IgA
treatment of celiac disease
total exclusion of gluten
complications of celiac disease
growth retardation and GI cancers
colic s/s
paroxysmal abdominal pain
severe crying lasting 3 hours and 3 time per week
- crying peaks around 6 mo and resolves by 3-4 months
distended abdomen
episodes occur at same time
treatment of colic
supportive
- simethicone drops
formula changes
pica
ingestion of nonfood items or foods items consumed in abonrla quantities or forms
- corn starch, pain, soil, paper, flour, coffee
pica might be a cover up to
deficincies
treatment of pica
removing access to the substance
ensuring an adequate and nutritious
treating any dietary deficiencies
pica risk factors
pregnancy
children who fail to take in adequate nutrients
anorexia nervosa s/s
cessation of menses
extreme wt loss
distorted body image
cold intolerance
lanugo
bradycardia
abdominal discomfort
preoccupation with weight and food
anorexia nervosa diagnostic
increase stress
leukopenia
electrolyte imbalance
hypoglycemia
H & H
serum vitamins and vitamin precursor
treatment of anorexia
restore healthy weight
address psych issues
antidepressants
possible TPN
weight gain of anorexia
2-3lb/wk inpatinet
.5-1lb/wk outpatient
indications of hospitalization for anxoresia
loss of 25-35% of BW
being 85% or less of healthy weight
fluid, electrolyte, cardiac arrhythmia, hypotension
bulimia nervosa s/s
binge eating followed by purging
overweight or thin
erosion of tooth enamel
increase dental carries
gum recession
calluses on back of the hand
abdominal distention
esophageal tears
bulimia after mealtime
monitor for 30 mins after mealtime
Nutrition
refers to taking in food and assimilating it metaboli- cally for use by the body.
macronutrients
the major building blocks of the body, are carbohydrates, protein, and fat.
micronutrients
vitamins and minerals or sub- stances needed in small quantities for healthy body function- ing.
dietary reference intakes (DRI)
are a set of values established by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and the National Academy of Science that can be used to assess and plan intake for individuals of different ages
nutritional needs evolve during
all of infancy and childhood
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
refers to the energy needed for thermoregulation, cardiorespiratory function, cellular activity, and growth
anthropometric measurement
used to refer to assessment of various parts of the body. Anthropometry of young children commonly includes weight, length, and head circumference.
what percentile do children normally fall in and what does it mean to fall outside
Children normally fall between the 10th and 90th percentiles. A measurement below the 10th percentile, especially for BMI, may indicate undernutrition, and one over the 90th percentile can indi- cate overnutrition.
what is normally used to assess the adequacy of the diet
24 hour diet recall
food borne illness transmission is normally associated with
food prep- aration and storage practices, lack of adequate training of retail employees about foods and hygiene, and increasing amounts and types of foods being imported from other countries.
complication of iron deficiency
anemia
complications of calcium deficients
osteoporosis
complication of Vit d deficiency
rickets
complications of folic acid defeicniey
spina bifida
complication of protein enegery malnutrition
kwashiorkor
marasmus
