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Pediatrics > Hematology PowerPoint > Flashcards

Hematology PowerPoint Flashcards

1
Q

red blood cells also known as

A

erythrocytes

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2
Q

primary function of red blood cells/erythrocytes

A

transport oxygen

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3
Q

other function of RBC/erythrocyte

A

carry carbon dioxide back to lungs

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4
Q

platelets also known as

A

thrombocytes

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5
Q

primary function of platelets/thrombocytes

A

coagulation and capillary hemostasis

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6
Q

WBC also known as

A

leukocytes

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7
Q

WBC/luekocytes are the bodies

A

protective system

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8
Q

5 types of WBC/leukocytes

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
monocytes (macrophages)
lymphocytes

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9
Q

neutrophil function

A

phagocytosis

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10
Q

eosinophil function

A

allergic reactions

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11
Q

basophils function

A

inflammatory reactions

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12
Q

monocytes (macrophages) function

A

phagocytosis, antigen processing

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13
Q

lymphocyte function

A

humoral immunity (B cell)
cellular immunity (T cell)

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14
Q

what cells are primary fighter cells

A

monocytes
lymphocytes

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15
Q

hemoglobin

A

oxygen carrying protein in RBC

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16
Q

hematocrit

A

proportion of RBC to plasma in blood

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17
Q

MCV

A

average size of RBC

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18
Q

MCH

A

average mass or volume of HBG per RBC

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19
Q

RBC distribution width RDW

A

measure of the variation of RBC

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20
Q

WBC standard value

A

4.5-11

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21
Q

RBC standard value

A

3.5-5.5

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22
Q

hemoglobin standard value

A

12-15

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23
Q

hematocrit standard value

A

36-48

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24
Q

MCV standard value

A

79-101

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25
Q

MCH standard value

A

25-35

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26
Q

MCHC standard value

A

31-37

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27
Q

RDW-CV standard value

A

11-16

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28
Q

platelet count standard value

A

150-420

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29
Q

MPV standard value

A

7-10

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30
Q

anemia defintion

A

a reduction in the number of RBC’s, the quantity of hemoglobin and the volume of packed red cells to below normal levels

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31
Q

some reasons to develop anemia

A

decreased production
blood loss
increase use ~ child growing rapidly

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32
Q

examples of decreased production of anemia

A

marrow infiltration/injury
nutritional deficiency
erythropoietin deficiency
ineffective erythropoiesis

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33
Q

examples of blood loss of anemia

A

hemolysis
- acquired
- inherited

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34
Q

acquired hemolysis

A

hemolytic jaundice
Rh/ABO incompatible

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35
Q

what will the reticulocyte count be with decreased proaction anemia

A

inappropriately low

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36
Q

what will the reticulocyte count be with blood loss anemia

A

inappropriately high

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37
Q

what is reituclocyte count

A

how much RBC you are producing

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38
Q

can a low reticulocyte count be normal

A

yes, especially if the H and H is normal because there is no need to make more RBC

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39
Q

most common type of anemia

A

iron def

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40
Q

microcytic anemia

A

small
hypochromic
low MCV

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41
Q

normocytic anemia

A

decreased red blood cell production
or
increased red blood cell loss

42
Q

macrocytic anemia

A

large red blood cells
- vit b12 and folate def

43
Q

iron def is what type of anemia

A

microcytic

44
Q

is iron def hypo chromic

A

yes due to lack of iron

45
Q

in iron def what happens

A

ineffective for carrying o2

46
Q

who is more likely to have iron def

A

toddlers drinking lots of milk
- more than 16-24 oz/day
menorrhagia
GI bleeding

47
Q

physiologic ANEMIA

A

fetal hemoglobin breaks down faster and adult hemoglobin isn’t developed

48
Q

when does physiologic anemia occur

A

6mo
- which is why iron fortified foods exist

49
Q

s/s of iron def

A

tachycardia
- due to O2 carrying capacity being reduced
tachypnea
- due to decreased O2 carrying capacity
cardiomegaly
- hearts working harder and due to tachycardia

glossitis (tongue swelling)
angular stomatitis
decreased attention span
decreased alertness
decreased leraning
koilonychia (spoon nails)

50
Q

iron def manifestations are based on

A

severity

51
Q

tx of iron def

A

2-5mg/kg/day of elemental iron

52
Q

iron should be taken with

A

ascorbic acid or Vit C to improve absorption

53
Q

side effects of iron pills

A

GI
- N/V/C
- dark stools

54
Q

sickle cell what type of disease

A

autosomal recessive
- both parents have to have it and it is 25% chance with each pregnancy

55
Q

abnormal hemoglobin name

A

Hemoglobin S

56
Q

in sickle is the cells normally shaped

A

yes but when low O2 they sickle

57
Q

s/s of sickle cell depends on

A

crisis location

58
Q

where is the pain common in for SC

A

joints
kidney
spleen

59
Q

Hbg S replaces

A

normal hemoglobin

60
Q

vasooclusive crisis

A

sickle cells can then block blood flow in the vessels of limbs and organs

61
Q

what is the life span of SC cells

A

10-20 days

62
Q

how do SC become anemic

A

bone marrow cannot keep up with the high turnover from the short half life

63
Q

Hb SS sickle cell

A

most common
Crest shaped
homozygous condition (child has two sickle hemoglobin genes)
subject to crisis
45 years

64
Q

Hb SC sickle cell

A

one Hb S and one Hb C
RBC are C shaped
anemia is milder
painful crisis occur in about 50% as often
65 years

65
Q

how do we diagnosis sickle cell

A

newborns are screened in all 50 states
if the test is positive than HBG electrophoresis is then performed to verify

66
Q

when do children start to show symptoms of sickle cell

A

4-6 mo due to the fetal hembolgin breaks down

67
Q

what is the most common crisis for sickle cell

A

vaso occulsive

68
Q

what is vaso occulsive crisis

A

stasis of blood with clumping of cells in the microcirculation, ischemia, and infarction

69
Q

what is vaso occulsive precipitated by

A

dehydration
temp extremes (fever or environmental)
infection
localized hypoxemia
physical or emotional stress

70
Q

vaso occulsive symptoms

A

fever
tissue engorgment
painful swelling of joints, hands, and feel
priapism
severe abdominal pain

71
Q

complications of vaso occulsive

A

thrombosis and infarction
stroke

72
Q

what is splenic sequestration

A

pooling of blood in spleen

73
Q

splenic sequestration s/s

A

profound anemia (spleen helps produce RBC)
hypovolemia
shock

74
Q

splenic sequestration treatment

A

removal of spleen

75
Q

aplastic crisis triggered by

A

infection of parvovirus b19
or
depletion of folic acid

76
Q

aplastic crisis defintion

A

diminished production and increased destruction of red blood cells

77
Q

aplastic crisis s/s

A

profound anemia and pallor

78
Q

acute chest syndrome

A

acute lower respiratory tract illness

79
Q

acute chest syndrome s/s

A

pulmonary infiltrate/consilidation of defined edges on CXR

fever
chest pain
tachypnea
wheezing
difficulty breathing
low O2 saturation

80
Q

children with sickle cell disease have laboratory evidence of abnormal spleen function as early as

A

4-6 mo

81
Q

fever of 38.5 in children with sickle disease is treated as an

A

emergencyd

82
Q

do we delay antibiotics for these patietns

A

no

83
Q

sickle cell treatment
- what helps with cell turnover and everyone with sickle cell should be on it

A

folic acid
- helps with proteins synthesis which in turns helps to replicate DNA and RBC

84
Q

sickle cell treatment
- what medication from when they are a newborn until 5 years

A

penicillin
- spleen doesn’t work until age 5

85
Q

sickle cell treatment
- what med increases fetal hemoglobin

A

hydroxyurea
- increase hbg f
- decreased hbg s

86
Q

sickle cell treatment
- supportive care

A

pain
O2
cold
hot

87
Q

how does a hematopoietic stem cell transplant work

A

replaces the HBG s

88
Q

sickle cell treatment

A

IV hydration
pain management
- Tylenol
- NSAIDS
- opioids

89
Q

PCA age

A

6 years

90
Q

PCA reporting

A

self reporting pain scale

91
Q

PCA risk

A

resp depression
tolerance

92
Q

thalassemia beta 3 types

A

minor or trait: mild anemia
intermedia: moderate, may require transfusions
major Cooley: requires transfusion

93
Q

cause of beta thalassemia

A

defective synthesis of hemoglobin, structurally impaired RBC’s and shortened life span

94
Q

alpha thalassemia

A

one gene defect: asymptomatic
two gene: mild anemia
major: transfusion dependent
- hydrops fetalis

95
Q

alpha thalassemia cure

A

hematopoetic stem cell transplant

96
Q

hemophilia A

A

VIII

97
Q

hemophilia B

A

IX

98
Q

hemophila disease

A

A and B X linked recessive disorders
- affected males, female carriers

99
Q

what is the most common inherited bleeding disorder

A

von willebrand

100
Q

von willebrand types are classified on presence and function of

A

von willebrand factor

101
Q

von willebrand disease type

A

autosomal dominant

102
Q
A

Pediatrics (51 decks)

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