Module 10: renal ap

Question 1

how is vitamin D activated

Answer 1

precursor is ingested, taken to skin for UV light=another precursor->transported to kidneys for conversion into calcitriol

Question 2

Calcitriol responsible for assisting with absorption of ____in the ____, decreasing ____Ca excretion, promotes release of calcium from ____ (Resorption)

Answer 2

^Ca in the intestines
vCa renal excretion
^Ca release from bones

Question 3

kidneys maintain glucose balance by 
completing gluconeogenesis from \_\_\_\_
         (forms 40% of glucose)
taking up glucose from \_\_\_
reabsorbing glucose from \_\_\_
     glucose absorbed in proximal tubule by (SGLT2) protein

Answer 3

amino acids
circulation
glomerular filtrate
sodium-glucose cotransporter 2

Question 4

at what point does glucose spill into the urine

Answer 4

glucose exceeds 190-200, SGLT2 transporters become saturated

Question 5

how do SGLT2 protein inhibitors lower glucose

Answer 5

allows glucose to spill into urine= lower glucose levels

Question 6

Proximal tubule responsible for reabsorbing (8)

Answer 6

glucose, Na, Cl, HCO3, phosphate, potassium, water, amino acids

Question 7

Proximal Tubule stimulated by parathyroid hormone excretes ____
when stimulated by angiotensin 2, =__,____,___ resorption

Answer 7

phosphate

water, Na, bicarb

Question 8

Descending loop is impermeable to ___
passively resorbs ___
concentrates __

Answer 8

Na
water
urine

Question 9

ascending loop actively reabsorbs
resorbs __ and ___
impermeable to water= urine is __

Answer 9

Na, Cl, K
mag and Ca
dilute

Question 10

Distal convoluted tubule actively reabsorbs ___
impermeable to water= __urine
parathyroid hormone = ^__resorption

Answer 10

Na
dilute urine
calcium

Question 11

collecting tubule connects with the renal ___

reabsorbs __in exchange for potassium and hydrogen (regulated by ____, site of action for ____hormone)

Answer 11

pyramids
Na for K and H
regulated by aldosterone
site of action for antidiuretic hormone

Question 12

Podocytes are _____cells in the bowman capsule that wrap around the capillaries of the ____ with ___ forming slits where ___ is filtered

Answer 12

epithelial cells
glomeruli
pedicels (foot projections)
slits where blood is filtered

Question 13

Juxtaglomerular apparatus has 3 types of cells

Answer 13

juxtaglomerular, macula densa, and mesangial cells

Question 14

Juxtaglomerular cells- located in ___arterioles

monitor ___pressure and can increase ___ by releasing ___ which causes ___constriction

Answer 14

afferent
monitor renal pressure
^GFR by releasing renin->angiotensin 2->efferent arteriole constriction

Question 15

Macula densa- __cells in the ______ that are in close contact w ___ and ____ arterioles
help regulate ____

Answer 15

epithelial cells in distal convoluted tubule
close contact w afferent and efferent arterioles
regulate gfr

Question 16

Mesangial cells are between afferent/efferent arterioles among ____ capillaries
function as ____
able to _____to regulate blood flow in glomerular capillaries (maybe in response to hormonal stimulation)

Answer 16

glomerular capillaries
macrophages
contract