Module 1:cancer

Question 1

Cancer cell biology

Answer 1

Lifecycle, growth, proliferation is unregulated Bc not from stem cells
Ignore signals to stop division/trigger apoptosis
Avoid being detected by immune system to keep growing

Question 2

Tumor marker: Alpha fetoprotein found in

Answer 2

Liver or germ cell

Question 3

Tumor Marker: Carcinoembryonic antigen found in

Answer 3

GI, pancreatic,lung, breast

Question 4

Tumor Marker: Beta human chorionic gonadotropin found in

Answer 4

Germ cell, choriocarcinoma

Question 5

Origin of carcino-/adeno

Answer 5

Epithelial

Glandular epithelial

Question 6

Origin of sarco-

Answer 6

Connective tissue

Question 7

Origin of -oma

Answer 7

Tumor or mass

Question 8

Origin of Carcinoma in situ

Answer 8

Very early, preinvasive carcinoma of glandular or squamous epithelial tissue

Question 9

Origin of Blastoma

Answer 9

Nervous tissue/precursor cells

Question 10

Lung mets

Answer 10

Brain+ many others

Question 11

Colorectal mets

Answer 11

Liver and lungs

Question 12

Testicular mets

Answer 12

Lungs, liver, brain

Question 13

Prostate mets

Answer 13

Bone-esp lumbar vertebrae, liver

Question 14

Breast

Answer 14

Bones, lung,liver, brain

Question 15

Head/neck CA mets

Answer 15

Lymphatics, liver, bones

Question 16

Ovarian mets

Answer 16

Peritoneal, diaphragm, omentum, liver

Question 17

Sarcoma mets

Answer 17

Lungs

Question 18

Melanoma

Answer 18

Lymph,lung,liver, brain, GI tract

Question 19

Cancer mets mechanism

Answer 19

Only local invasion possible before Epithelial mesenchymal transition (stimulated by IL8)
Neuroangiogenesis + lymphangiogenesis = Invasion of blood/lymph
Neovascularization gives access to venous/lymph channels

Question 20

TNM staging

Answer 20

Tumor-size
Node-degree of involvement
Mets-if distant
^#=^severe

Question 21

Oncogenes

Answer 21

Mutated Proto-oncogenes (normally regulate cell div)
No regular cell mechanisms=proliferation
Give ability to secrete growth factors=stimulate own growth (autocrine stimulation)
Activated by point mutations, translocations, gene amplification

Question 22

Tumor suppressors Anti-oncogenes

Answer 22

Control proliferation
Stop division in damaged cells+ prevent mutations
2 in each cell
Can mutate and pass thru sperm and egg~~transmission of ca causing genes

Question 23

BRCA gene

Answer 23

^ovarian, breast, prostate CA risk

Question 24

Clinical manifestation of CA (condition)

Wasting syndrome

Answer 24

Cachexia

Imbalance of energy intake/used
Metabolism^^ in CA
^apoptosis+vCell regeneration

Wasting syndrome-vAppetite, cv atrophy/dysfunction, gut barrier dysfunction, inflammation, acute phase reactants, ^lipolysis,vAlbumin, thermogenesis

Question 25

p53 Tumor suppressor gene

Answer 25

Produces p53 protein-monitors cell stress, activates caretaker genes-maintain integrity of genome
Produce proteins that repair dna
Initiates sensescence, apoptosis, suppresses cell division until dna repaired

Question 26

Paraneoplastic syndrome

Answer 26

Triggered by release of substances from tumor
Represent earliest sign of unknown CA
Irreversible~death
Ex:carcinoid tumors=serotonin=flushing, diarrhea, wheezing, rapid HR

Question 27

Tumor markers

Answer 27

DO NOT USE IN SCREENING

Diagnose, detect, manage some CAs