Module 1:cancer Flashcards
Cancer cell biology
Lifecycle, growth, proliferation is unregulated Bc not from stem cells
Ignore signals to stop division/trigger apoptosis
Avoid being detected by immune system to keep growing
Tumor marker: Alpha fetoprotein found in
Liver or germ cell
Tumor Marker: Carcinoembryonic antigen found in
GI, pancreatic,lung, breast
Tumor Marker: Beta human chorionic gonadotropin found in
Germ cell, choriocarcinoma
Origin of carcino-/adeno
Epithelial
Glandular epithelial
Origin of sarco-
Connective tissue
Origin of -oma
Tumor or mass
Origin of Carcinoma in situ
Very early, preinvasive carcinoma of glandular or squamous epithelial tissue
Origin of Blastoma
Nervous tissue/precursor cells
Lung mets
Brain+ many others
Colorectal mets
Liver and lungs
Testicular mets
Lungs, liver, brain
Prostate mets
Bone-esp lumbar vertebrae, liver
Breast
Bones, lung,liver, brain
Head/neck CA mets
Lymphatics, liver, bones
Ovarian mets
Peritoneal, diaphragm, omentum, liver
Sarcoma mets
Lungs
Melanoma
Lymph,lung,liver, brain, GI tract
Cancer mets mechanism
Only local invasion possible before Epithelial mesenchymal transition (stimulated by IL8)
Neuroangiogenesis + lymphangiogenesis = Invasion of blood/lymph
Neovascularization gives access to venous/lymph channels
TNM staging
Tumor-size
Node-degree of involvement
Mets-if distant
^#=^severe
Oncogenes
Mutated Proto-oncogenes (normally regulate cell div)
No regular cell mechanisms=proliferation
Give ability to secrete growth factors=stimulate own growth (autocrine stimulation)
Activated by point mutations, translocations, gene amplification
Tumor suppressors Anti-oncogenes
Control proliferation
Stop division in damaged cells+ prevent mutations
2 in each cell
Can mutate and pass thru sperm and egg~~transmission of ca causing genes
BRCA gene
^ovarian, breast, prostate CA risk
Clinical manifestation of CA (condition)
Wasting syndrome
Cachexia
Imbalance of energy intake/used
Metabolism^^ in CA
^apoptosis+vCell regeneration
Wasting syndrome-vAppetite, cv atrophy/dysfunction, gut barrier dysfunction, inflammation, acute phase reactants, ^lipolysis,vAlbumin, thermogenesis
p53 Tumor suppressor gene
Produces p53 protein-monitors cell stress, activates caretaker genes-maintain integrity of genome
Produce proteins that repair dna
Initiates sensescence, apoptosis, suppresses cell division until dna repaired
Paraneoplastic syndrome
Triggered by release of substances from tumor
Represent earliest sign of unknown CA
Irreversible~death
Ex:carcinoid tumors=serotonin=flushing, diarrhea, wheezing, rapid HR
Tumor markers
DO NOT USE IN SCREENING
Diagnose, detect, manage some CAs
