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Mental status > medications > Flashcards

medications Flashcards

1
Q

warfarin (coumadin)// blood thinner

A

prevent blood clot

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2
Q

G biloba (herb)

A

help improve memory

-cant mix with blood thinners & blood clot med ex: warfarin & aspirin(salicylates)

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3
Q

Skin inflammation

-enhance the laxative effects (drug interactions)

A

Aloe

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4
Q

Elevated cholesterol levels

A

Garlic

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5
Q

Mild anxiety

-Central nervous system depression

A

Valerian

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6
Q

Nausea and vomiting

A

Ginger

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7
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

Saw palmetto

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8
Q

Unsafe and should not be used

A

Chaparral

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9
Q

anti-inflammatory

  • calming agent
  • herbal tea, has a mild sedative effect that may be beneficial in promoting sleep
A

chamomile (can’t mix with antidepressant)

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10
Q

stimulant of immune sys

A

Echinacea (used for upper Resp infection)

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11
Q 
Wound healing (anti-inflammatory)
arthiritis(Inhibition of serotonin and prostaglandins)
A

Feverfew

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12
Q

Increased physical endurance, improved immune function

-aging related disease

A

Ginseng

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13
Q

use: GI disorders, including gastric ulcers and hepatitis C

A

Licorice

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14
Q

Memory improvement

-Alzheimer’s disease and dementia

A

ginkgo biloba

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15
Q

don’t use if: Warfarin and anticoagulants

Aspirin and NSAIDs

A

Ginger, Ginkgo biloba, ginseng

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16
Q

potential drug interactions: Furosemide (Lasix) and loop diuretics

A

Aloe

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17
Q

potential drug interactions:Barbiturates and other sleep medications, Alcohol, Antihistamines

A

Valerian

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18
Q

potential drug interaction: Warfarin and blood thinners

-Saquinavir and other anti-HIV drugs

A

Garlic

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19
Q

decreases the number of lesions, shortens duration of fever, and decreases itching, lethargy, and
anorexia (does NOT permit scarring)
-When the lesions are crusted, the chickenpox is no longer contagious

A

Acyclovir (Zovirax) (chickenpox)

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20
Q

is given to high risk children to help prevent the development of chickenpox
-used for high risk children after exposure to chickenpox to prevent varicella

A

Varicella zoster immune globulin(VZIG)

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21
Q

decreases morbidity and mortality associated with measless (rubeola)

A

Vitamin A supplementation

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22
Q 
treat infection (anti-biotic)
-side effect ototoxic (hearing)
A

vancomycin

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23
Q

reduce HTN (systolic& diastolic)

A

Tai Chi (herb)

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24
Q

prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis

-side effect- internal bleeding

A

Heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin

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25
Q

dose is 0.3 to 3 mg taken 2 hours before bedtime
-side effects of nausea, headache, and dizziness being infrequent.
receptor agonist: ramelteon or tasimelteon

A

melatonin supplement (help sleep)

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26
Q

side effect : diarrhea, drowsiness, tiredness and dizziness.

A

receptor agonist: ramelteon or tasimelteon (melatonin)

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27
Q

effective in mild insomnia and RLS (restless leg syndrome) ch 6 potter

A

Valerian

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28
Q

essential oil may improve sleep quality

A

Lavender (oil help w/sleep)

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29
Q

has mild sedative effects and is used as a natural sleep aid

A

Passionflower (maypop) //herb

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30
Q

because of their long duration of action, which can cause confusion, constipation, urinary retention, and an increased risk of falls

A

Caution older adults about using over-the-counter antihistamines

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31
Q

amphetamines, caffeine, nicotine, terbutaline, theophylline, and modafinil

A

CNS stimulants

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32
Q

alcohol, barbiturates, tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline, imipramine, and doxepin), and triazolam causes insomnia.

A

CNS depressants

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33
Q

are commonly used to treat sleep problems and are intended for short-term use

  • treat insomnia
  • relaxation, antianxiety, and hypnotic effects by facilitating the action of neurons in the CNS =decrease level of arousal
A

Benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine-like drugs

34
Q

for short-term use (no longer than 2 to 3 weeks)

  • treat insomnia (sedative)
  • less dependence n side effects than benzodiazepines
A

zolpidem (Ambien)

35
Q

at the lowest possible dose for short-term treatment of insomnia are recommended.

  • cause also cause respiratory depression; next-day sedation; amnesia; rebound insomnia; and impaired motor functioning and coordination, which leads to an increased risk of falls
  • severe if confusion, incontinent, impaired mobility
  • contraindicated in infants less than 6 months old.
A

Short-acting benzodiazepines (e.g., oxazepam, lorazepam, or temazepam)

36
Q

is a serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor (SARI) antidepressant often used in patients with depression or anxiety and insomnia.

  • most common side effects are daytime grogginess (weak & unsteady on feet) and orthostatic hypotension.
  • alternative for benzodiazepine (older adults)
A

Trazodone

37
Q

is a problem after stopping a medication, particularly the benzodiazepines

A

Rebound insomnia

38
Q

urine turn orange

A

phenazopyridine-

39
Q

–intense yellow color of urine

A

riboflavin

40
Q

may increase the risk for urinary retention by inhibiting bladder contractility

A

Anticholinergics (e.g., atropine, overactive agents)

41
Q

may reduce the ability to recognize and act on the urge to void.

A

Hypnotics and sedatives (e.g., analgesics, antianxiety agents)

42
Q

are used to treat urinary urgency.

  • most common adverse effects of antimuscarinics are dry mouth, constipation, and blurred vision
  • change in mental status in older adults
A

antimuscarinics (e.g., oxybutynin and trospium)// medication

43
Q

class of medications called beta-3 adrenergic agonists.

  • relaxes the bladder muscles to prevent urgent, or uncontrolled, urination
  • monitor BP- can increase
A

mirabegron//medication

44
Q

via the renin-angiotensin system (i.e., release of aldosterone and prostacyclin)

A

kidneys play a major role in blood pressure control

45
Q

are used to treat urinary urgency.

A

antimuscarinics (e.g., oxybutynin and trospium)// medication

46
Q

class of medications called beta-3 adrenergic agonists.

A

mirabegron//medication

47
Q

Urinary retention is sometimes treated with

A

bethanechol

48
Q

men with outlet obstruction caused by an enlarged prostate are treated with agents that relax the smooth muscle of the prostatic urethra, such as

A

tamsulosin and silodosin

49
Q

agents that shrink the prostate, such as

A

finasteride and dutasteride

50
Q

Patients with painful urination are sometimes prescribed urinary analgesics that act on the urethral and bladder mucosa

A

(e.g., phenazopyridine).

51
Q

laxative (suppository)

  • promotes defecation
  • act within 30 minutes.
  • Give the suppository shortly before a patient’s usual time to defecate or immediately after a meal.
A

bisacodyl

52
Q
  • Passage of stool will occur in 12 to 24 hours.
  • agents must be taken with water and should be used with patients who have an adequate food and fluid intake.
  • choice for chronic constipation (e.g., pregnancy, low-residue diet).
  • They also relieve mild diarrhea. If treating diarrhea, administer less water.
  • RISK: IF powder form cause constipation if not mixed with at least 240 mL of water or juice and swallowed quickly.
  • RISK:are not for patients for whom large fluid intake is contraindicated.
A

Methylcellulose (Citrucel) //BULK FORMING LAXATIVE MED.
Psyllium (Metamucil, Naturacil)
Polycarbophil (Fibercon)

53
Q
  • little value for treatment of chronic constipation
  • short-term therapy to relieve straining on defecation (e.g., hemorrhoids, perianal surgery, pregnancy, recovery from myocardial infarction).
A 
Docusate sodium (Colace)//Emollient or Wetting LAXATIVE MED.
Docusate calcium (Surfak)
Docusate potassium (Dialose)
54
Q

-pull fluid into the bowel to soften the stool and distend the bowel to stimulate peristalsis.
-only for acute emptying of bowel (e.g., endoscopic examination, suspected poisoning, acute constipation).
-Agents may be used to treat chronic constipation.
-RISK :not for long-term management of constipation or for patients with kidney dysfunction. They may cause toxic buildup of magnesium.
Phosphate salts are not recommended for patients on fluid restriction.

A 
Saline-based//OSMOTIC LAXATIVE MED.
Magnesium citrate or citrate of magnesia
Magnesium hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia)
Sodium phosphate (Fleet Phospho-Soda)
Polyethylene glycol, lactulose, sorbitol based, Lactulose, Miralax
55
Q

-drugs cause formation of a soft-to-liquid stool in 6 to 8 hours and usually contain bisacodyl or Senna.
-only used used occasionally
-prepare bowel for diagnostic procedures or may be needed for those with constipation from frequent opioid use
-RISKS: severe cramping.
Agents are not for long-term use.
Chronic use could cause fluid and electrolyte imbalances

A 
Bisacodyl (Dulcolax)//Stimulant Cathartics (similar to laxative med)
Castor oil
Casanthranol (Peri-Colace)
Correctol
Senna (Ex-Lax, Senokot)
56
Q

decrease intestinal muscle tone to slow the passage of feces.= body absorbs more water thru intestinal walls

A

Antidiarrheal agents

57
Q

may be used for management of chronic severe diarrhea in patients with diseases such as Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

A

Codeine or tincture of opium (diarrhea medication)

58
Q

most common antidiarrhea agent used

A

loperamide or diphenoxylate with atropine

59
Q

promotes sleep in patients with anxiety;

- it should be used cautiously because of its potential toxic effects on the liver

A

Kava

60
Q

for depression

A

sertraline (Zoloft)

61
Q

dont mixed dark green vegetables with blood thinner because its high in Vitamin (counteract effects of blood thinner)

A

warfarin (coumadin)// blood thinner

62
Q

metabolism.

A

medications such as insulin, glucocorticoids, and thyroid hormones affect

63
Q

taste.

A

antifungal agents frequently affect

64
Q

medications stimulate appetite

A

cyproheptadine, megestrol, or dronabinol

65
Q

gastric emptying and decrease the risk of aspiration

A

Prokinetic medications such as metoclopramide, erythromycin, or cisapride promote

66
Q

(e.g., ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine),

A

gastric acid inhibitor

67
Q

(e.g., omeprazole).

A

proton pump inhibitor

68
Q

Prevent thromboembolism

• Recommended for patients with an ejection fraction <20% and/or atrial fibrillation

A

Anticoagulants

69
Q

Prevent or treat dysrhythmias

A

Antidysrhythmic Drugs

70
Q
  • Promote reverse remodeling
  • Decrease afterload
  • Inhibit SNS
  • Reverse cardiac remodeling
  • Reduce mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic HF
A

β-Adrenergic Blockers
bisoprolol (Zebeta)

carvedilol (Coreg)

metoprolol succinate (Toprol XL)

71
Q
  • Block absorption of sodium and chloride in the kidneys at the loop of Henle
  • Increase urine output
  • Decrease fluid volume
  • Decrease preload
  • Decrease pulmonary venous pressure
  • Relieve symptoms of fluid congestion
A

Loop Diuretics
bumetanide (Bumex)

furosemide (Lasix)

72
Q
  • Affect electrolyte reabsorption at the distal renal tubule resulting in sodium and chloride excretion
  • Increased urine output (milder diuretic effect than loop diuretics)
  • Decrease blood pressure
A

Thiazide Diuretics
hydrochlorothiazide

metolazone (Zaroxolyn)

73
Q
  • Inhibit aldosterone that causes sodium and water retention and antiinflammatory responses in HF
  • Prevent potassium loss by inhibiting sodium and potassium exchange in the distal tubule
  • Mild diuretic effect
  • Reduce mortality and HF hospitalizations in patients with chronic HF
A

Aldosterone Antagonists (Potassium-Sparing Diuretics)

eplerenone (Inspra)

spironolactone (Aldactone)

74
Q
  • Binds to opioid receptors
  • May decrease the chemoreceptor response to hypoxia, and/or cause vasodilation reducing pulmonary congestion
  • Reduces anxiety
A

Morphine

MS Contin, Duramorph, Embeda, Kadian

75
Q
  • Sacubitril inhibits neprilysin, decreasing natriuretic degradation which promotes diuresis, natriuresis
  • Valsartan selectively blocks angiotensin II receptors
  • Lower blood pressure
  • Dilate venules and arterioles
  • Improve renal blood flow
  • May decrease mortality and hospitalizations in patients with chronic HF
A

Neprilysin-Angiotensin Receptor Inhibitors

sacubitril/valsartan (Entresto)

76
Q
  • Increase contractility (positive inotropic effect)
  • Increase CO
  • May reduce PAWP
  • May cause dysrhythmias
  • Increase myocardial O2 demand
A

Positive Inotropes
β-Adrenergic Agonists∗
dobutamine

dopamine

77
Q
  • Weak positive inotrope mostly at higher doses
  • Reduce effects of RAAS and SNS
  • May reduce HF symptoms and hospitalization if added to standard therapy for chronic HF
A

Positive Inotropes

Digitalis Glycoside
digoxin

(toxicity= nausea, diplopia, hypokalemia)

78
Q
  • Produce mild vasodilation
  • Increase SV and CO
  • Promote vasodilation
A

Positive Inotropes

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor∗
milrinone

79
Q
  • Dilate venules and arterioles
  • Reduce afterload and SVR
  • Improve renal blood flow
  • May relieve HF symptoms
  • Promote reverse remodeling
  • May reduce morbidity, mortality, and HF hospitalizations in patients with chronic HF
A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors (#1 for HF)
ACE Inhibitors
benazepril (Lotensin)

captopril (Capoten)

enalapril (Vasotec)

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockerslosartan (Cozaar)
valsartan (Diovan)

80
Q
  • Selectively inhibits the I f-current in the SA node
  • Decreases heart rate
  • May reduce CVD death and HF hospitalizations in patients with HFrEF in sinus rhythm with a HR ≥70 bpm
  • Used only for patients with chronic HF
A

Selective SA Node Inhibitor

ivabradine (Corlanor)

81
Q
  • Reduce afterload
  • Dilate the arterioles of the kidneys, leading to increased renal perfusion and fluid loss
  • Decrease BP
  • Decrease preload
  • Neseritide may reduce PAWP
  • May relieve HF symptoms (e.g., dyspnea)
  • Isosorbide dinitrate/hydralazine, fixed dose, may reduce morbidity and mortality in blacks with HFrEF and NYHA Class III–IV symptoms
A

Vasodilators

isosorbide dinitrate/hydralazine (BiDil)

neseritide (Natrecor)∗

nitrates (e.g., nitroglycerin [Nitro-Bid], isosorbide dinitrate [Isordil])

nitroprusside (Nitropress)∗

Mental status (69 decks)

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