Ch 12 potter conception thru Adolescence Flashcards
Pregnancy that reaches full term is calculated to last an average of
38 to 40 weeks
pregnancy divided into equal phases of 3 months, called
trimesters
first 14 days are referred to as the
preembryonic stage,
which lasts from day 15 until the eighth week(nearly 2 month)
- embryonic stage is the most vulnerable since all organs develop 8th week
embryonic stage
which lasts from the end of the eighth week (nearly 2 months) until birth
fetal stage
begins development at the third week of the embryonic stage and produces essential hormones that help maintain the pregnancy
placenta
functions as the fetal lungs, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and an endocrine organ
placenta
placenta is extremely porous, noxious materials such as viruses, chemicals, and drugs also pass from mother to child aka ?
and can cause abnormal development of structures in the embryo.
teratogens
depends on the developmental stage in which exposure takes place, individual genetic susceptibility, and the extent of the exposure.
effect of teratogens on the fetus
Heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color are rated to determine overall status of the newborn
-conducted at 1 and 5 minutes after birth and is sometimes repeated until the newborn’s condition stabilizes.
Apgar score
1st 28 days of life
neonatal
measure height, weight, head and chest circumference, temperature, pulse, and respirations and observe general appearance, body functions, sensory capabilities, reflexes, and responsiveness. Following a comprehensive physical assessment, assess gestational age and interactions between newborn and parent that indicate successful attachment
average newborn is 6 to 9 pounds
after few hours after birth
(fine downy hair) on the skin of back infant
lanugo
lanugo (fine downy hair) on the skin of the back; cyanosis of the hands and feet for the first 24 hours; and a soft, protuberant abdomen.
Normal physical characteristics of the newborn
anterior fontanel usually closes by 12 to 18 months, whereas the posterior fontanel closes by the end of the second or third month.
closing unfused bones of the skull
Assess neurological function by
observing the newborn’s level of activity, alertness, irritability, and responsiveness to stimuli and the presence and strength of reflexes
blinking in response to bright lights, startling in response to sudden loud noises or movement, sucking, rooting, grasping, yawning, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, palmar grasp, plantar grasp, and Babinski(sole of foot firmly stroked n toes Fran out)
Normal reflexes include
now prohibit the manufacture or sale of cribs with drop-side rails and require more durable mattress supports and crib slats
Federal safety standards
Parents also need to inspect an older crib to make sure the slats are no more than
6 cm (2.4 inches) apart.
All infants and toddlers should ride in a rear-facing car safety seat until they are? or until they reach the highest weight or height allowed by the manufacturer or their car safety seat
2 years of age
the period from 1 month to 1 year of age
- only period distinguished by such dramatic physical changes and marked development
infancy
birth weight doubles in approximately 5 months and triples by 12 months. Height increases an average of 2.5 cm (1 inch) during each of the first 6 months and about 1.2 cm ( image inch) each month until 12 months
birth weight
Some reflexes that are present in the newborn, such as blinking, yawning, and coughing, remain throughout life, whereas others, such as grasping, rooting, sucking, and the Moro or startle reflex, disappear after several months.
reflexes that are present in the newborn
, an infant’s vision and hearing continue to develop
first year
proceeds in a cephalocaudal (head-to-toe) and proximodistal (central-to-peripheral) pattern, as does myelination of nerves
Motor development
Maturation of eye-and-hand coordination occurs over the
first 2 years of life
as infants move from being able to grasp a rattle briefly
2 months
drawing an arc with a pencil by
24 months.
Birth to 1 month
Gross Motor Skill
Complete head lag persists
Cannot sit upright
Primitive reflexes present (crys for needs)
2 to 4 months
Gross Motor Skill
When prone, lifts head and chest and bears weight on forearms
With support, able to sit erect with good head control
Can turn from back to side
4 to 6 months
Gross Motor Skill
Turns from abdomen to back at 5 months and then back to abdomen at 6 months
Can support much of own weight when pulled to stand
No head lag when pulled to sit
6 to 8 months
Gross Motor Skill
Sits alone without support
Bears full weight on feet and can hold on to furniture while standing
8 to 10 months
Gross Motor Skill
Scoots or crawls on hands and knees
Pulls self to standing position
10 to 12 months
Gross Motor Skill
Walks holding onto furniture
Stands alone, for short periods
May attempt first step alone
Birth to 1 month
Fine Motor Skill
Reflexive grasp
2 to 4 months
Fine Motor Skill
Holds rattle for short periods but cannot pick it up if dropped
Looks at and plays with hands
Able to bring objects to mouth