Ch 12 potter conception thru Adolescence

Question 1

Pregnancy that reaches full term is calculated to last an average of

Answer 1

38 to 40 weeks

Question 2

pregnancy divided into equal phases of 3 months, called

Answer 2

trimesters

Question 3

first 14 days are referred to as the

Answer 3

preembryonic stage,

Question 4

which lasts from day 15 until the eighth week(nearly 2 month)
- embryonic stage is the most vulnerable since all organs develop 8th week

Answer 4

embryonic stage

Question 5

which lasts from the end of the eighth week (nearly 2 months) until birth

Answer 5

fetal stage

Question 6

begins development at the third week of the embryonic stage and produces essential hormones that help maintain the pregnancy

Answer 6

placenta

Question 7

functions as the fetal lungs, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and an endocrine organ

Answer 7

placenta

Question 8

placenta is extremely porous, noxious materials such as viruses, chemicals, and drugs also pass from mother to child aka ?
and can cause abnormal development of structures in the embryo.

Answer 8

teratogens

Question 9

depends on the developmental stage in which exposure takes place, individual genetic susceptibility, and the extent of the exposure.

Answer 9

effect of teratogens on the fetus

Question 10

Heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color are rated to determine overall status of the newborn
-conducted at 1 and 5 minutes after birth and is sometimes repeated until the newborn’s condition stabilizes.

Answer 10

Apgar score

Question 11

1st 28 days of life

Answer 11

neonatal

Question 12

measure height, weight, head and chest circumference, temperature, pulse, and respirations and observe general appearance, body functions, sensory capabilities, reflexes, and responsiveness. Following a comprehensive physical assessment, assess gestational age and interactions between newborn and parent that indicate successful attachment
average newborn is 6 to 9 pounds

Answer 12

after few hours after birth

Question 13

(fine downy hair) on the skin of back infant

Answer 13

lanugo

Question 14

lanugo (fine downy hair) on the skin of the back; cyanosis of the hands and feet for the first 24 hours; and a soft, protuberant abdomen.

Answer 14

Normal physical characteristics of the newborn

Question 15

anterior fontanel usually closes by 12 to 18 months, whereas the posterior fontanel closes by the end of the second or third month.

Answer 15

closing unfused bones of the skull

Question 16

Assess neurological function by

Answer 16

observing the newborn’s level of activity, alertness, irritability, and responsiveness to stimuli and the presence and strength of reflexes

Question 17

blinking in response to bright lights, startling in response to sudden loud noises or movement, sucking, rooting, grasping, yawning, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, palmar grasp, plantar grasp, and Babinski(sole of foot firmly stroked n toes Fran out)

Answer 17

Normal reflexes include

Question 18

now prohibit the manufacture or sale of cribs with drop-side rails and require more durable mattress supports and crib slats

Answer 18

Federal safety standards

Question 19

Parents also need to inspect an older crib to make sure the slats are no more than

Answer 19

6 cm (2.4 inches) apart.

Question 20

All infants and toddlers should ride in a rear-facing car safety seat until they are? or until they reach the highest weight or height allowed by the manufacturer or their car safety seat

Answer 20

2 years of age

Question 21

the period from 1 month to 1 year of age

- only period distinguished by such dramatic physical changes and marked development

Answer 21

infancy

Question 22

birth weight doubles in approximately 5 months and triples by 12 months. Height increases an average of 2.5 cm (1 inch) during each of the first 6 months and about 1.2 cm ( image inch) each month until 12 months

Answer 22

birth weight

Question 23

Some reflexes that are present in the newborn, such as blinking, yawning, and coughing, remain throughout life, whereas others, such as grasping, rooting, sucking, and the Moro or startle reflex, disappear after several months.

Answer 23

reflexes that are present in the newborn

Question 24

, an infant’s vision and hearing continue to develop

Answer 24

first year

Question 25

proceeds in a cephalocaudal (head-to-toe) and proximodistal (central-to-peripheral) pattern, as does myelination of nerves

Answer 25

Motor development

Question 26

Maturation of eye-and-hand coordination occurs over the

Answer 26

first 2 years of life

Question 27

as infants move from being able to grasp a rattle briefly

Answer 27

2 months

Question 28

drawing an arc with a pencil by

Answer 28

24 months.

Question 29

Birth to 1 month | Gross Motor Skill

Answer 29

Complete head lag persists Cannot sit upright Primitive reflexes present (crys for needs)

Question 30

2 to 4 months | Gross Motor Skill

Answer 30

When prone, lifts head and chest and bears weight on forearms With support, able to sit erect with good head control Can turn from back to side

Question 31

4 to 6 months | Gross Motor Skill

Answer 31

Turns from abdomen to back at 5 months and then back to abdomen at 6 months Can support much of own weight when pulled to stand No head lag when pulled to sit

Question 32

6 to 8 months | Gross Motor Skill

Answer 32

Sits alone without support Bears full weight on feet and can hold on to furniture while standing

Question 33

8 to 10 months | Gross Motor Skill

Answer 33

Scoots or crawls on hands and knees Pulls self to standing position

Question 34

10 to 12 months | Gross Motor Skill

Answer 34

Walks holding onto furniture Stands alone, for short periods May attempt first step alone

Question 35

Birth to 1 month | Fine Motor Skill

Answer 35

Reflexive grasp

Question 36

2 to 4 months | Fine Motor Skill

Answer 36

Holds rattle for short periods but cannot pick it up if dropped Looks at and plays with hands Able to bring objects to mouth

Question 37

4 to 6 months | Fine Motor Skill

Answer 37

Grasps objects at will and can drop them to pick up another object Pulls feet to mouth to explore Can hold a bottle

Question 38

6 to 8 months | Fine Motor Skill

Answer 38

Bangs objects together Transfers objects from hand to hand

Question 39

8 to 10 months | Fine Motor Skill

Answer 39

Picks up small objects Begins to use pincer grasp Shows hand preference

Question 40

10 to 12 months | Fine Motor Skill

Answer 40

Can place objects into containers Can turn book pages (more than one page at a time)

Question 41

they begin to realize that things still exist that can no longer be seen. This is known as object permanence

Answer 41

age of 7 to 9 months

Question 42

. , infants not only recognize their own names but are also able to say three to five words and understand almost 100 words

Answer 42

By 1 year

Question 43

infants begin to differentiate themselves from others as separate beings capable of acting on their own

Answer 43

1 year

Question 44

most infants are able to differentiate a stranger from a familiar person and respond differently to the two

Answer 44

8 months (tell stranger apart)

Question 45

begin to smile responsively rather than reflexively

Answer 45

Two- and 3-month-old infants

Question 46

infants play simple social games such as patty-cake and peek-a-boo

Answer 46

9 months

Question 47

hide-and-seek involving objects are possible by

Answer 47

1 yrs

Question 48

includes intentional physical abuse or neglect, emotional abuse or neglect, and sexual abuse of children, usually by adults

Answer 48

Child maltreatment

Question 49

Breastfeeding is recommended for infant nutrition because breast milk contains the essential nutrients of protein, fats, carbohydrates, and immunoglobulins that bolster the ability to resist infection -if can't then iron-fortified commercially prepared formula

Answer 49

1st year life

Question 50

use of whole cow’s milk, 2% cow’s milk, or alternate milk products

Answer 50

before the age of 12 months is not recommended.

Question 51

should not receive supplemental fluids, especially water or juice

Answer 51

under 4 months of age

Question 52

consumes approximately 18 to 21 ounces of breast milk or formula per day. - increases slightly during the first 6 months

Answer 52

average 1-month-old infant

Question 53

solid foods is not recommended before the

Answer 53

age of 6 months

Question 54

iron-fortified cereal is generally an adequate supplemental source. -breastfed infant absorbs adequate iron from breast milk during the first 4 to 6 months of life

Answer 54

6 months

Question 55

most infants demonstrate nocturnal sleep patterns, sleeping between 9 and 11 hours at night.

Answer 55

6 months

Question 56

12-36 month/ 1-3 yrs | infants wanna control their env if can't then throw tantrum

Answer 56

toddler

Question 57

toddlers ride tricycles and run well by their - stack a small tower of blocks - hold crayons with their fingers rather than with their fists - imitate vertical and horizontal strokes. - manage feeding themselves with a spoon without rotating it - drink well from a cup without spilling - turn pages of a book one at a time - can easily turn doorknobs

Answer 57

3 yr (toddler)

Question 58

grow 3 in hight | gain 4-6 lbs per year

Answer 58

avg toddler

Question 59

remember events and begin to put thoughts into words at about - eparate beings from their mothers - unable to assume the view of another. - reasoning is based on their own experience of an even - use symbols to represent objects, places, and people. - imitate the behavior of another that they viewed earlier (e.g., pretend to shave like daddy) - pretend that one object is another (e.g., use a finger as a gun) - use language to stand for absent objects (e.g., request bottle).

Answer 59

2 years of age

Question 60

child uses approximately 10 words

Answer 60

18-month-old

Question 61

vocabulary of up to 300 words and is generally able to speak in two-word sentences, although the ability to understand speech is much greater than the number of words acquired - “Who’s that?” and “What’s that?” - “me do it” and “that’s mine”

Answer 61

2 yrs old

Question 62

, the child can use simple sentences, follow some grammatical rules, and learn to use five or six new words each day

Answer 62

36 months/ 3 yr

Question 63

toddlers remain strongly attached to their parents and fear separation from them. - discern the difference between past and future - child continues to engage in solitary play during toddlerhood but also begins to participate in parallel play, which is playing beside rather than with another child

Answer 63

toddler (play)

Question 64

often develop “food jags,” or the desire to eat one food repeatedly - limit milk intake to 2 to 3 cups per day. - eat bread and grains, vegetables, fruit, dairy products, and proteins - Serving finger foods to toddlers allows them to eat by themselves and to satisfy their need for independence and control

Answer 64

Toddlers (nutrition)

Question 65

toilet training (motivate child)

Answer 65

toddler

Question 66

weight gain 4.5 to 6.5 pounds/ yr - grow 6.5 to 9 cm (2.5 to 3.5 inches) per year - 110 cm (43.5 inches)/3 ft 7 in tall by their 5th birthday

Answer 66

preschool (3-5)

Question 67

running well, walking up and down steps with ease, and learning to hop

Answer 67

Gross- and fine-motor

Question 68

they usually skip on alternate feet, jump rope, and begin to skate and swim -copy crosses and squares. Triangles and diamonds are usually mastered - Scribbling and drawing (fine motor) - hand-eye coordination needed for the printing of letters and numbers.

Answer 68

5 years

Question 69

imaginative play and interactions with others - recognize others’ viewpoints, - they remain egocentric in their communication and believe others think as they do - increased social interaction - aware of cause-and-effect relationships - causal thinking (link things 2gether)

Answer 69

preschool

Question 70

learn to use rules to understand causation - basis for more formal logical thought ex:I get a shot twice a day, and that’s why I got one last night.” - believe that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities

Answer 70

5 yrs

Question 71

linked to concrete (perceived by the senses) experiences - rule is broken, punishment results immediately - greatest fear bodily harm- ex: fear of the dark, animals, thunderstorms, and medical personnel

Answer 71

preschool

Question 72

- average of 2100 words that they use to define familiar objects, identify colors, and express their desires and frustrations. - combine four to five words into sentences and use pronouns, prepositions, adjectives, and verbs - often question “Why?” - Phonetically similar words such as die and dye or wood and would cause confusion (avoid it)

Answer 72

preschool lang

Question 73

- pouring milk from a gallon container into their cereal bowls. Guilt arises within children when they overstep the limits of their abilities and think that they have not behaved correctly - magical thinking and believe that if they simply think something, it will happen ex:Children who in anger wished that their sibling were dead experience guilt if that sibling becomes ill. - need to learn that “wishing” for something to happen does not make it occur - great imitators

Answer 73

preschool psychosocial

Question 74

changes in caregiving arrangements, starting school, the birth of a sibling, parental marital distress, relocation to a new home, or an illness. During these times of stress, preschoolers sometimes revert to bed-wetting or thumb-sucking and want the parents to feed, dress, and hold them.

Answer 74

sources of stress for preschool (psychosocial)

Question 75

as it shifts from parallel to associative play ex: play mother and baby - age 4, children play in groups of two or three, - by 5 years the group has a temporary leader for each activity.

Answer 75

after the third birthday (play)preschooler

Question 76

quite independent in washing, dressing, and feeding - 1800 calories - Finicky eating habits (4 yr old)

Answer 76

preschooler (nutrition/ health promotion)

Question 77

12 hours of sleep a night and take infrequent naps | -detection and treatment of strabismus must occur by age 6

Answer 77

preschooler (sleep)

Question 78

-running, jumping, balancing, throwing, and catching during play, resulting in refinement of neuromuscular function and skills.

Answer 78

school age children and adolescence (6 and 18) -puberty marks end of adolescence physical change

Question 79

handwriting, drawing, and playing.

Answer 79

school age children and adolescence (6 and 18) | fine motor skills

Question 80

children are able to hold a pencil adeptly and print letters and words

Answer 80

school age children and adolescence (6 and 18) *6-year-old fine motor skills

Question 81

- make detailed drawings and write sentences in script. Painting, drawing, playing computer games, and modeling allow children to practice and improve newly refined skills - bathing, dressing, and taking care of other personal needs - strong personal preferences - give independence as much as possible (nurse)

Answer 81

school age children and adolescence (6 and 18) *age 12 fine motor skills

Question 82

- posture was stoop shouldered, with slight lordosis (inward curvature of spine) and a prominent abdomen. - more erect - recommends screening of scoliosis - Eye shape alters because of skeletal growth.

Answer 82

school age children and adolescence (6 and 18) | posture change

Question 83

think in a logical manner - concrete-operational stage of growth by 7 yrs - thoughts are no longer dominated by their perceptions - understand that others do not always see things as they do and even begin to understand another viewpoint. - ability to recognize that the amount or quantity of a substance remains the same even when its shape or appearance changes.

Answer 83

school age children and adolescence (6 and 18) | -cognitive development

Question 84

- representing the world in a subjective manner and realize that words have arbitrary rather than absolute meanings - appreciate jokes and riddles - rather they reason about its meaning within a context - identify generalizations and exceptions to rules - more aware of rules syntax (create well formed sent)

Answer 84

school age children and adolescence (6 and 18) | language

Question 85

- industry versus inferiority - positively recognized for success feel a sense of worth or faced with failure often feel a sense of mediocrity or unworthiness, which sometimes results in withdrawal from school and peers - define themselves on the basis of internal more than external characteristics. - ponder abstract relationships - 11 yr may begin to enter the fourth and final stage of intellectual development, formal operations. (Piaget) - group play overshadows solitary activity - prefers same-sex peers - peer influence

Answer 85

school age children and adolescence (6 and 18) | psychosocial (Erikson)

Question 86

-latency period | exposure to sex education, including topics about sexual maturation, reproduction, and relationship

Answer 86

school age children and adolescence (6 and 18) | -sexual identity (freud)

Question 87

children experience more stress than children in earlier generations - Stress comes from parental expectations, peer expectations, the school environment, and violence in the family, school, or community - Motor vehicle injuries - risk taker - aware of their body and are modest and sensitive about being exposed. - aware of HIV,HPV

Answer 87

school age children and adolescence (6 and 18) | street/ injuries

Question 88

1. Increased growth rate of skeleton, muscle, and viscera 2. Sex-specific changes, such as changes in shoulder and hip width 3. Alteration in distribution of muscle and fat 4. Development of the reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics

Answer 88

Adolescents (transition childhood to adulthood) 13-20 yrs -hit puberty Physical changes (4 main ones)

Question 89

common for teenagers to consider their parents too narrow minded or materialistic. At this time adolescents believe that they are unique and the exception, giving rise to their risk-taking behaviors. In other words, they think that they are invincible. - logical operations

Answer 89

Adolescents (transition childhood to adulthood) 13-20 yrs cognitive change

Question 90

language fairly complete - Provide privacy and a nonthreatening environment - Start with less sensitive topics and then move to more sensitive issues

Answer 90

Adolescents (transition childhood to adulthood) | 13-20 yrs

Question 91

- develop their own ethical systems based on personal values | - identity (or role) confusion as the prime danger of this stage

Answer 91

Adolescents (transition childhood to adulthood) 13-20 yrs psychosocial

Question 92

- By late adolescence, most individuals identify themselves as heterosexual, and a small number identify as bisexual, gay, or lesbian. - dont wish to be diff from peers - Popularity with opposite-sex and same-sex peers is important. - need peer approval - Adolescents begin to place more value on peer relationships than on parents

Answer 92

Adolescents (transition childhood to adulthood) 13-20 yrs sexual