ch 38 potter activity and exercise Flashcards
is a term that describes the coordinated efforts of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems.
Body mechanics
and “posture” are similar and refer to the positioning of the joints, tendons, ligaments, and muscles while standing, sitting, and lying.
body alignment
means that an individual’s center of gravity is stable
Body alignment
is the force exerted on a body by gravity
Weight
force exerted against the skin while the skin remains stationary and the bony structures move is called
shear
involves the integrated functioning of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems
Coordinated body movement
skeleton is the supporting framework of the body and is made up of four types of bones:
long, short, flat, and irregular
provides attachments for muscles and ligaments and the leverage necessary for mobility
skeletal system
are important for mobilization because they are firm, rigid, and elastic
Bones
bone loss
(resorption)
region where two or more bones attach is referred to as a
joint
Each joint is classified according to its
structure and degree of mobility
three classifications of joints:
cartilaginous, fibrous, and synovial
fit closely together and are fixed, permitting little if any movement, such as the syndesmosis between the tibia and fibula
Fibrous joints
have little movement but are elastic and use cartilage to unite separate bony surfaces, such as the synchondrosis that attaches the ribs to the costal cartilage
Cartilaginous joints
, or true joints, such as the hinge type at the elbow, are freely movable and the most mobile, numerous, and anatomically complex body joints
Synovial joints
Ligaments, tendons, and cartilage support the
skeletal system
are white, shiny, flexible bands of dense fibrous tissue that bind joints and connect bones and cartilage
Ligaments
is one type of collagenous (classification of joint) fiber that intertwines in irregular, swirling arrangements to form thick connective tissue
ligament
are white, glistening fibrous bands of tissue that occur in various lengths and thicknesses
Tendons
connect muscle to bone and are strong, flexible, and inelastic. The Achilles tendon is the thickest and strongest tendon in the body.
Tendons
is nonvascular (without blood vessels) supporting connective tissue located chiefly in the joints and thorax, trachea, larynx, nose, and ear. -serves as a shock absorber
Cartilage
is unossified (not hardened), except in advanced age and diseases such as osteoarthritis, which impairs mobility.
Permanent cartilage
contract when stimulated by an electrochemical impulse that travels from the nerve to the muscle across the neuromuscular junction
Muscle fibers
two types of muscle contractions,
isotonic and isometric
isotonic or dynamic contraction is mobilizing, causing the
body to move
is stabilizing, causing the body to hold a stable position
isometric contraction
Isotonic contractions have two varieties,
concentric and eccentric
causes lengthening of a muscle to control the speed and direction of movement
Eccentric tension
(static contraction) causes an increase in muscle tension or muscle work but no shortening or active movement of the muscle (e.g., instructing a patient to tighten and relax a muscle group, as in quadriceps set exercises or pelvic floor exercises)
Isometric contraction
is a combination of isotonic and isometric contractions
Voluntary movement
Muscle that directly performs a specific movement.
Prime mover
Muscle that directly when contracting opposes prime mover or agonist. Relaxes while prime mover contracts. Provides precision and control during contraction of prime mover.
Antagonist
Muscle that contracts at same time as prime mover. Facilitates prime mover actions to produce more effective movement.
Synergists
Muscles that stabilize joints; act as type of synergist. Serve to maintain posture and balance
Fixators
, is the normal state of balanced muscle tension.
Muscle tone, or tonus
Stretch receptors associated with muscles, joint capsules, and tendons are classified as
proprioceptors
regulates movement and posture
nervous system
, is the major voluntary motor area and is in the cerebral cortex
precentral gyrus, or motor strip
disrupts transfer from the neurotransmitter to the muscle
myasthenia gravis
impairs muscle activity
multiple sclerosis
are located within muscle spindles
Proprioceptors
controls balance specifically through the inner ear, the cerebellum, and through vision.
nervous system
sense organs that are involved in balance are located within the
vestibule and semicircular canals of the ear.
coordinates patterns of muscle movement with the motor control areas of the cerebrum
cerebellum
action of the prime movers, antagonists, 783synergists and fixator muscles to make normal movement smooth, steady, and precise as to the force, rate, and extent of movement
cerebellum coordinates
identifies patients with a high risk for impaired skin integrity
Braden Scale
. It promotes circulation by mimicking the natural action of walking.
venous plexus foot pump
(sometimes called antiembolitic stockings) also aid in maintaining external pressure on the muscles of the lower extremities and thus promote venous return
Elastic stockings
reduce the risk of contractures and aid in preventing thrombi
ROM exercises and early mobility
. Specific exercises that help prevent thrombophlebitis are
ankle pumps, foot circles, and knee flexion.
include alternating plantar flexion and dorsiflexion
Ankle pumps, sometimes called calf pumps,
involves alternately extending and flexing the knee. These exercises are sometimes referred to as antiembolic exercises and need to be done hourly while awake.
antiembolic exercises//Knee flexion
devices also help maintain dorsiflexion. Patients who wear positioning boots or AFOs need to have these removed periodically (e.g., 2 hours on, 2 hours off).
Ankle-foot orthotic (AFO)
prevents external rotation of the hips when a patient is in a supine position
trochanter roll
maintain the thumb in slight adduction and in opposition to the fingers, which maintain a functional position. Assess the hand roll positioning to make sure that the hand is indeed in a functional position. Hand rolls are most often used with patients whose arms are paralyzed or who are unconscious
Hand rolls
is a triangular device that hangs down from a securely fastened overhead bar that is attached to the bedframe
trapeze bar
use the 30-degree lateral position
potential pressure areas exist
In the supported Fowler’s position the head of the bed is elevated 45 to 60 degrees, and the patient’s knees are slightly elevated without pressure to restrict circulation in the lower legs
fowler position
benefits in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute lung injury
prone position
the patient places the weight on the anterior ileum, humerus, and clavicle
Sims’ position
is recommended for patients at risk for pressure injuries
30-degree lateral position
low air loss mattresses, heel boots, flotation mattresses
prevent injury to integumentary sys
(one-sided weakness)
hemiparesis
(one-sided paralysis)
hemiplegia
assistive device is used, stand on the patient’s affected side and support him or her with a
gait belt.
is one holistic therapeutic approach that acknowledges the importance of addressing the body and spirit as well as the mind during therapeutic work
Psycho-Physical Therapy
is an uncommon metabolic disease characterized by
inadequate and delayed mineralization, resulting in compact and spongy bone
Osteomalacia
