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Mental status > ch 41 oxygenation potter > Flashcards

ch 41 oxygenation potter Flashcards

1
Q

is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during cellular metabolism

A

Respiration

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2
Q

act of air moving in and out of the lungs, which is actually .

A

ventilation

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3
Q

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract (move downward and outward) to create a negative pleural pressure and increase the size of the thorax for

A

inspiration

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4
Q

is the process of moving gases into and out of the lungs with air flowing into the lungs during inhalation (inspiration) and out of the lungs during exhalation (expiration)

A

Ventilation

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5
Q

relates to the ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

A

Perfusion

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6
Q

is responsible for moving the respiratory gases from one area to another by concentration gradients

A

diffusion

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7
Q

is the effort required to expand and contract the lungs.

A

Work of breathing (WOB)

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8
Q

is the ability of the lungs to distend or expand in response to increased intra-alveolar pressure

A

Compliance

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9
Q

in diseases such as pulmonary edema, interstitial and pleural fibrosis, and congenital or traumatic structural abnormalities such as kyphosis or fractured ribs

A

Compliance decreases

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10
Q

(pH less than 7.35; seen in patients with sepsis or diabetic ketoacidosis)

A

acidotic

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11
Q

(elevated PaCO2 levels; seen in patients with COPD)

A

hypercapnic

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12
Q

volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during systole is the

A

stroke volume

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13
Q

amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute is the

A

cardiac output

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14
Q

CO (cardiac output)

A

stroke volume x HR

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15
Q

increase the rate of impulse generation and speed of transmission

A

Sympathetic fibers

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16
Q

in men is usually described as crushing, squeezing, or stabbing

A

Chest pain associated with MI

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17
Q

myocardium stretches, the strength of the subsequent contraction increases; this is known as the

A

Frank-Starling (Starling’s) law of the heart.

-not applied to disease heart

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18
Q

in pulmonary congestion, the signs and symptoms of which include shortness of breath, cough, crackles, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (difficulty breathing when lying flat)

A

Left-sided heart failure results

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19
Q

is systemic and results in peripheral edema, weight gain, and distended neck veins.

A

Right-sided heart failure

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20
Q

is often described as an irregularly irregular rhythm; rhythm is irregular because of the multiple pacemaker sites.

A

Atrial fibrillation

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21
Q

results when the supply of blood to the myocardium from the coronary arteries is insufficient to meet myocardial oxygen demands, producing angina or myocardial infarction.

A

Myocardial ischemia

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22
Q

Spinal cord trauma below the C5 vertebra usually leaves the phrenic nerve intact but damages nerves that

A

innervate the intercostal muscles, preventing anteroposterior chest expansion

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23
Q

results in paralysis of the phrenic nerve. When the phrenic nerve is damaged, the diaphragm does not descend properly, thus reducing inspiratory lung volumes and causing hypoxemia.

A

Cervical trauma at C3 to C5

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24
Q

Changes in the anteroposterior diameter of the chest wall (barrel chest) occur because of overuse of

A

accessory muscles and air trapping in COPD or cystic fibrosis.

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25
Q

is affected by the circulating volume

A

Preload

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26
Q

is a group of therapies for mobilizing pulmonary secretions

A

Chest physiotherapy

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27
Q

cause fluid loss

A

Diuretics

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28
Q

echnique is for patients without abdominal muscle control such as those with spinal cord injuries.

A

quad cough

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29
Q

Elevated blood pressure, increased pulse rate, and restlessness are

A

early signs of hypoxia.

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30
Q

Increased body temperature (fever) increases the ?, thereby increasing carbon dioxide production

A

metabolic rate

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31
Q

steps for nasotracheal suctioning

A

verify that catheter is attached to suction; have patient deep breathe; insert catheter; apply intermittent suction for no more than 10 seconds and remove; encourage patient to cough; and rinse catheter and connecting tubing with normal saline.

32
Q

echnique is for patients without abdominal muscle control such as those with spinal cord injuries.

A

quad cough t

33
Q

stimulates a natural cough reflex and is generally effective only for clearing central airway

A

huff cough

34
Q

results from inflammation of the pleural space of the lungs; the pain is peripheral and radiates to the scapular regions. Inspiratory maneuvers such as coughing, yawning, and sighing worsen pleuritic chest pain

A

Pleuritic chest pain

35
Q

has an acidic pH

A

hematemesis

36
Q

has an alkaline pH

A

Hemoptysis

37
Q

difficult or uncomfortable breathing

-associated with exercise or excitement

A

dyspnea

38
Q

results from inflammation of the pleural space of the lungs; the pain is peripheral and radiates to the scapular regions. Inspiratory maneuvers such as coughing, yawning, and sighing worsen pleuritic chest pain

A

Pleuritic chest pain

39
Q

lasting from a minute to hours and always in association with inspiration

A

Pleuritic chest pain

40
Q

is often present following exercise, rib trauma, and prolonged coughing episodes. Inspiration worsens this pain

A

Musculoskeletal pain

41
Q

difficult or uncomfortable breathing

A

dyspnea

42
Q

is an abnormal condition in which a patient uses multiple pillows when reclining to breathe easier or sits leaning forward with arms elevated

A

Orthopnea

43
Q

is often associated with allergies or gastroesophageal reflux disease

A

nonproductive cough

44
Q

results in sputum production (e.g., material coughed up from the lungs that a patient swallows or expectorates)

A

productive cough

45
Q

metabolic acidosis, the acidic pH stimulates an increase in rate, usually greater than 35 breaths/min, and depth of respirations
-compensate by decreasing carbon dioxide levels

A

(Kussmaul respiration)

46
Q

are often a sign of chronic lung disease

A

Chronic coughs

47
Q

examination of sputum specimens

A

bronchoscopy

48
Q

Adventitious breath sounds” is another term for

-include wheezing, crackles, and rhonchi

A

abnormal breath sounds

49
Q

metabolic acidosis, the acidic pH stimulates an increase in rate, usually greater than 35 breaths/min, and depth of respirations

A

(Kussmaul respiration)

50
Q

are discontinuous sounds of various pitch most often heard during inspiration. They are a result of the disruption of the small. respiratory passages and cannot be cleared by coughing. They are often heard in patients with pneumonia or emphysema or chronic bronchitis.

A

Crackles

51
Q

are deeper sounding in pitch than crackles and are often heard during expiration.
-cleared by coughing and are most commonly heard in patients with asthma or pneumonia

A

Rhonchi, or sonorous wheeze

52
Q

white blood cells per cubic millimeter of blood. White blood cells assess for presence of

A

infection (cbc) complete blood count

53
Q

is a continuous, high-pitched musical sound caused by high-velocity movement of air through a narrowed airway. It is associated with asthma, acute bronchitis, or pneumonia. It occurs during inspiration, expiration, or both

A

Wheezing

54
Q

are discontinuous sounds of various pitch most often heard during inspiration. They are a result of the disruption of the small925 respiratory passages and cannot be cleared by coughing. They are often heard in patients with pneumonia or emphysema or chronic bronchitis.

A

Crackles

55
Q

are deeper sounding in pitch than crackles and are often heard during expiration.

A

Rhonchi, or sonorous wheeze

56
Q

white blood cells per cubic millimeter of blood. White blood cells assess for presence of

A

infection (cbc) complete blood count

57
Q

assess for presence of anemia and ability of the blood to carry oxygen to the tissues.

A

Red blood cells and hemoglobin (cbc) complete blood count

58
Q

Cardiac Enzymes

A

Creatine kinase (CK-MB)

59
Q

Patients on diuretic therapy are at risk for

A

hypokalemia (low potassium).

60
Q

Potassium (K+)

A

3.5-5 (Serum Electrolytes)

61
Q

is a catheter inserted through the rib cage into the pleural space to remove air, fluids, or blood; to prevent air or fluid from reentering the pleural space; or to reestablish normal intrapleural and intrapulmonic pressures after trauma or surgery

A

chest tube

62
Q

is a health care–acquired infection (HAI) that develops 48 hours or more after endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation

A

Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP)

63
Q

form of noninvasive ventilation (NIV), maintains positive airway pressure and improves alveolar ventilation without the need for an artificial airway

A

Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NPPV),

64
Q

most common modes of NPPV are

A

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP).

65
Q

is a catheter inserted through the rib cage into the pleural space to remove air, fluids, or blood; to prevent air or fluid from reentering the pleural space; or to reestablish normal intrapleural and intrapulmonic pressures after trauma or surgery

A

chest tube

66
Q

treatment of pneumothorax or hemothorax to promote lung reexpansion

A

chest tube

67
Q

is a life-threatening condition in which air enters the pleural space and cannot escape.

A

tension pneumothorax

68
Q

is the presence of air under the skin, and crepitus is palpated in the area where it is located

A

Subcutaneous emphysema

69
Q

clamped only when replacing the chest drainage system, assessing for an air leak, or as a trial before removal to assess whether the air leak has stopped.

A

clamped only when (chest tube)

70
Q

occurs due to the rupture of small blebs (air-filled sacs). A spontaneous pneumothorax can occur in young, healthy individuals or in patients with a history of lung disease such as COPD or CF

A

Spontaneous pneumothorax

71
Q

is a life-threatening condition in which air enters the pleural space and cannot escape.

A

tension pneumothorax

72
Q

dyspnea, tachycardia, tracheal deviation laterally, and absent breath sounds on the affected side.

A

tension pneumothorax

73
Q

, including needle decompression and chest tube placement

A

intervention for tension pneumothorax

74
Q

is an accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural space, usually as a result of trauma. It produces a counter pressure and prevents the lung from full expansion.

A

hemothorax

75
Q

is widely available and used in a variety of settings to relieve or prevent hypoxia, which can lead to hypoxemi

A

Oxygen therapy

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