ch 41 oxygenation potter

Question 1

is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during cellular metabolism

Answer 1

Respiration

Question 2

act of air moving in and out of the lungs, which is actually .

Answer 2

ventilation

Question 3

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract (move downward and outward) to create a negative pleural pressure and increase the size of the thorax for

Answer 3

inspiration

Question 4

is the process of moving gases into and out of the lungs with air flowing into the lungs during inhalation (inspiration) and out of the lungs during exhalation (expiration)

Answer 4

Ventilation

Question 5

relates to the ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Answer 5

Perfusion

Question 6

is responsible for moving the respiratory gases from one area to another by concentration gradients

Answer 6

diffusion

Question 7

is the effort required to expand and contract the lungs.

Answer 7

Work of breathing (WOB)

Question 8

is the ability of the lungs to distend or expand in response to increased intra-alveolar pressure

Answer 8

Compliance

Question 9

in diseases such as pulmonary edema, interstitial and pleural fibrosis, and congenital or traumatic structural abnormalities such as kyphosis or fractured ribs

Answer 9

Compliance decreases

Question 10

(pH less than 7.35; seen in patients with sepsis or diabetic ketoacidosis)

Answer 10

acidotic

Question 11

(elevated PaCO2 levels; seen in patients with COPD)

Answer 11

hypercapnic

Question 12

volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during systole is the

Answer 12

stroke volume

Question 13

amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute is the

Answer 13

cardiac output

Question 14

CO (cardiac output)

Answer 14

stroke volume x HR

Question 15

increase the rate of impulse generation and speed of transmission

Answer 15

Sympathetic fibers

Question 16

in men is usually described as crushing, squeezing, or stabbing

Answer 16

Chest pain associated with MI

Question 17

myocardium stretches, the strength of the subsequent contraction increases; this is known as the

Answer 17

Frank-Starling (Starling’s) law of the heart.

-not applied to disease heart

Question 18

in pulmonary congestion, the signs and symptoms of which include shortness of breath, cough, crackles, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (difficulty breathing when lying flat)

Answer 18

Left-sided heart failure results

Question 19

is systemic and results in peripheral edema, weight gain, and distended neck veins.

Answer 19

Right-sided heart failure

Question 20

is often described as an irregularly irregular rhythm; rhythm is irregular because of the multiple pacemaker sites.

Answer 20

Atrial fibrillation

Question 21

results when the supply of blood to the myocardium from the coronary arteries is insufficient to meet myocardial oxygen demands, producing angina or myocardial infarction.

Answer 21

Myocardial ischemia

Question 22

Spinal cord trauma below the C5 vertebra usually leaves the phrenic nerve intact but damages nerves that

Answer 22

innervate the intercostal muscles, preventing anteroposterior chest expansion

Question 23

results in paralysis of the phrenic nerve. When the phrenic nerve is damaged, the diaphragm does not descend properly, thus reducing inspiratory lung volumes and causing hypoxemia.

Answer 23

Cervical trauma at C3 to C5

Question 24

Changes in the anteroposterior diameter of the chest wall (barrel chest) occur because of overuse of

Answer 24

accessory muscles and air trapping in COPD or cystic fibrosis.

Question 25

is affected by the circulating volume

Answer 25

Preload

Question 26

is a group of therapies for mobilizing pulmonary secretions

Answer 26

Chest physiotherapy

Question 27

cause fluid loss

Answer 27

Diuretics

Question 28

echnique is for patients without abdominal muscle control such as those with spinal cord injuries.

Answer 28

quad cough

Question 29

Elevated blood pressure, increased pulse rate, and restlessness are

Answer 29

early signs of hypoxia.

Question 30

Increased body temperature (fever) increases the ?, thereby increasing carbon dioxide production

Answer 30

metabolic rate

Question 31

steps for nasotracheal suctioning

Answer 31

verify that catheter is attached to suction; have patient deep breathe; insert catheter; apply intermittent suction for no more than 10 seconds and remove; encourage patient to cough; and rinse catheter and connecting tubing with normal saline.

Question 32

echnique is for patients without abdominal muscle control such as those with spinal cord injuries.

Answer 32

quad cough t

Question 33

stimulates a natural cough reflex and is generally effective only for clearing central airway

Answer 33

huff cough

Question 34

results from inflammation of the pleural space of the lungs; the pain is peripheral and radiates to the scapular regions. Inspiratory maneuvers such as coughing, yawning, and sighing worsen pleuritic chest pain

Answer 34

Pleuritic chest pain

Question 35

has an acidic pH

Answer 35

hematemesis

Question 36

has an alkaline pH

Answer 36

Hemoptysis

Question 37

difficult or uncomfortable breathing | -associated with exercise or excitement

Answer 37

dyspnea

Question 38

results from inflammation of the pleural space of the lungs; the pain is peripheral and radiates to the scapular regions. Inspiratory maneuvers such as coughing, yawning, and sighing worsen pleuritic chest pain

Answer 38

Pleuritic chest pain

Question 39

lasting from a minute to hours and always in association with inspiration

Answer 39

Pleuritic chest pain

Question 40

is often present following exercise, rib trauma, and prolonged coughing episodes. Inspiration worsens this pain

Answer 40

Musculoskeletal pain

Question 41

difficult or uncomfortable breathing

Answer 41

dyspnea

Question 42

is an abnormal condition in which a patient uses multiple pillows when reclining to breathe easier or sits leaning forward with arms elevated

Answer 42

Orthopnea

Question 43

is often associated with allergies or gastroesophageal reflux disease

Answer 43

nonproductive cough

Question 44

results in sputum production (e.g., material coughed up from the lungs that a patient swallows or expectorates)

Answer 44

productive cough

Question 45

metabolic acidosis, the acidic pH stimulates an increase in rate, usually greater than 35 breaths/min, and depth of respirations -compensate by decreasing carbon dioxide levels

Answer 45

(Kussmaul respiration)

Question 46

are often a sign of chronic lung disease

Answer 46

Chronic coughs

Question 47

examination of sputum specimens

Answer 47

bronchoscopy

Question 48

Adventitious breath sounds” is another term for | -include wheezing, crackles, and rhonchi

Answer 48

abnormal breath sounds

Question 49

metabolic acidosis, the acidic pH stimulates an increase in rate, usually greater than 35 breaths/min, and depth of respirations

Answer 49

(Kussmaul respiration)

Question 50

are discontinuous sounds of various pitch most often heard during inspiration. They are a result of the disruption of the small. respiratory passages and cannot be cleared by coughing. They are often heard in patients with pneumonia or emphysema or chronic bronchitis.

Answer 50

Crackles

Question 51

are deeper sounding in pitch than crackles and are often heard during expiration. -cleared by coughing and are most commonly heard in patients with asthma or pneumonia

Answer 51

Rhonchi, or sonorous wheeze

Question 52

white blood cells per cubic millimeter of blood. White blood cells assess for presence of

Answer 52

infection (cbc) complete blood count

Question 53

is a continuous, high-pitched musical sound caused by high-velocity movement of air through a narrowed airway. It is associated with asthma, acute bronchitis, or pneumonia. It occurs during inspiration, expiration, or both

Answer 53

Wheezing

Question 54

are discontinuous sounds of various pitch most often heard during inspiration. They are a result of the disruption of the small925 respiratory passages and cannot be cleared by coughing. They are often heard in patients with pneumonia or emphysema or chronic bronchitis.

Answer 54

Crackles

Question 55

are deeper sounding in pitch than crackles and are often heard during expiration.

Answer 55

Rhonchi, or sonorous wheeze

Question 56

white blood cells per cubic millimeter of blood. White blood cells assess for presence of

Answer 56

infection (cbc) complete blood count

Question 57

assess for presence of anemia and ability of the blood to carry oxygen to the tissues.

Answer 57

Red blood cells and hemoglobin (cbc) complete blood count

Question 58

Cardiac Enzymes

Answer 58

Creatine kinase (CK-MB)

Question 59

Patients on diuretic therapy are at risk for

Answer 59

hypokalemia (low potassium).

Question 60

Potassium (K+)

Answer 60

3.5-5 (Serum Electrolytes)

Question 61

is a catheter inserted through the rib cage into the pleural space to remove air, fluids, or blood; to prevent air or fluid from reentering the pleural space; or to reestablish normal intrapleural and intrapulmonic pressures after trauma or surgery

Answer 61

chest tube

Question 62

is a health care–acquired infection (HAI) that develops 48 hours or more after endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation

Answer 62

Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP)

Question 63

form of noninvasive ventilation (NIV), maintains positive airway pressure and improves alveolar ventilation without the need for an artificial airway

Answer 63

Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NPPV),

Question 64

most common modes of NPPV are

Answer 64

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP).

Question 65

is a catheter inserted through the rib cage into the pleural space to remove air, fluids, or blood; to prevent air or fluid from reentering the pleural space; or to reestablish normal intrapleural and intrapulmonic pressures after trauma or surgery

Answer 65

chest tube

Question 66

treatment of pneumothorax or hemothorax to promote lung reexpansion

Answer 66

chest tube

Question 67

is a life-threatening condition in which air enters the pleural space and cannot escape.

Answer 67

tension pneumothorax

Question 68

is the presence of air under the skin, and crepitus is palpated in the area where it is located

Answer 68

Subcutaneous emphysema

Question 69

clamped only when replacing the chest drainage system, assessing for an air leak, or as a trial before removal to assess whether the air leak has stopped.

Answer 69

clamped only when (chest tube)

Question 70

occurs due to the rupture of small blebs (air-filled sacs). A spontaneous pneumothorax can occur in young, healthy individuals or in patients with a history of lung disease such as COPD or CF

Answer 70

Spontaneous pneumothorax

Question 71

is a life-threatening condition in which air enters the pleural space and cannot escape.

Answer 71

tension pneumothorax

Question 72

dyspnea, tachycardia, tracheal deviation laterally, and absent breath sounds on the affected side.

Answer 72

tension pneumothorax

Question 73

, including needle decompression and chest tube placement

Answer 73

intervention for tension pneumothorax

Question 74

is an accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural space, usually as a result of trauma. It produces a counter pressure and prevents the lung from full expansion.

Answer 74

hemothorax

Question 75

is widely available and used in a variety of settings to relieve or prevent hypoxia, which can lead to hypoxemi

Answer 75

Oxygen therapy