Ch 37 potter Stress and coping

Question 1

is described as an actual or alleged hazard to the balance of homeostasis.

Answer 1

Stress

Question 2

physical, chemical, or emotional factor that produces tension in the body or the mind

Answer 2

stress

Question 3

are any physical, psychological, or social stimuli that are capable of producing stress and endangering homeostasis

Answer 3

Stressors

Question 4

is how a person interprets the impact of the stressor
-personal evaluation of the meaning of the event to what is happening and a consideration of the resources on hand to help manage the stressor.

Answer 4

Appraisal

Question 5

, was the first scientist to single out the physical side effects of stress.

Answer 5

Hans Selye, a Vienna-born endocrinologist

Question 6

a three-stage set of physiological processes that prepare, or adapt, the body for danger so that an individual is more likely to survive when faced with a threat

Answer 6

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)//(developed by hans seyle

Question 7

identified the three stages to the stress response as (1) initial alarm, (2) resistance as a person attempts to compensate for changes induced by the alarm stage, and (3) a state of exhaustion if the person cannot adapt successfully

Answer 7

3 stages of GAS //(developed by hans seyle

Question 8

, the three-stage reaction to stress, describes how the body responds physiologically to stressors

Answer 8

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Question 9

directly by a physical event or indirectly by a psychological event.

Answer 9

GAS is triggered either

Question 10

which responds immediately to stress

Answer 10

neuroendocrine mechanism

Question 11

body encounters a physical demand such as an injury, the

Answer 11

pituitary gland initiates the GAS

Question 12

body will attempt to return to a state of balance, a process referred to as

Answer 12

allostasis

Question 13

During the alarm stage the central nervous system is aroused, and body defenses are mobilized; this is the fight-or-flight response.

Answer 13

alarm stage

Question 14

During the alarm stage the central nervous system is aroused, and body defenses are mobilized; this is the

Answer 14

fight-or-flight response.

Question 15

rising hormone levels result in increased blood volume, blood glucose levels, epinephrine and norepinephrine, heart rate, blood flow to muscles, oxygen intake, and mental alertness.
-pupils dilate= greater visual field

Answer 15

alarm stage (fight-or-flight) effects

Question 16

also contributes to the fight-or-flight response, and the body stabilizes and responds in an attempt to compensate for the changes induced by the alarm stage

Answer 16

resistance stage

Question 17

. Hormone levels, heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output should return to normal, and the body tries to repair any damage that occurred

Answer 17

resistance stage impact

Question 18

continuous stress causes progressive breakdown of compensatory mechanisms.
-This occurs when the body is no longer able to resist the effects of the stressor and has depleted the energy necessary to maintain adaptation. T

Answer 18

exhaustion stage

Question 19

chronic arousal with the presence of powerful hormones causes excessive wear and tear on bodily organs and is called

Answer 19

allostatic load

Question 20

long-term physiological problems such as chronic hypertension, depression, sleep deprivation, chronic fatigue syndrome, and autoimmune disorders

Answer 20

persistent allostatic load can cause

Question 21

the level of personal control, presence of a social support system, and feelings of competence.

Answer 21

Personal characteristics that influence the response to a stressor include

Question 22

Evaluating an event in terms of personal meaning is

Answer 22

primary appraisal.

Question 23

, the process by which a person considers possible available coping strategies or resources, occurs at the same time

Answer 23

Secondary appraisal

Question 24

, because feedback cues lead to reappraisals of the original perception, coping behaviors constantly change as individuals perceive new information.

Answer 24

crisis theory

Question 25

is a person’s cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage a stressor

Answer 25

Coping

Question 26

person’s age, cultural background, individual circumstances, and past use of coping strategies.

Answer 26

effectiveness of coping strategies is influenced by a variety of factors

Question 27

regulate emotional distress and thus give a person protection from anxiety and stress

Answer 27

Ego-defense mechanisms

Question 28

: Making up for a deficiency in one aspect of self-image by strongly emphasizing a feature considered an asset (e.g., a person who is a poor communicator relies on organizational skills)

Answer 28

Compensation (Examples of Ego-Defense Mechanisms)

Question 29

Unconsciously repressing an anxiety-producing emotional conflict and transforming it into nonorganic symptoms (e.g., difficulty in sleeping, loss of appetite)

Answer 29

Conversion (Examples of Ego-Defense Mechanisms)

Question 30

Avoiding emotional conflicts by refusing to consciously acknowledge anything that causes intolerable emotional pain (e.g., a person refuses to discuss or acknowledge a personal loss)

Answer 30

Denial (Examples of Ego-Defense Mechanisms)

Question 31

Transferring emotions, ideas, or wishes from a stressful situation to a less anxiety-producing substitute (e.g., a person transfers anger over an interpersonal conflict to a malfunctioning computer)

Answer 31

Displacement (Examples of Ego-Defense Mechanisms)

Question 32

Patterning behavior after that of another person and assuming that person’s qualities, characteristics, and actions

Answer 32

Identification (Examples of Ego-Defense Mechanisms)

Question 33

Experiencing a subjective sense of numbing and a reduced awareness of one’s surroundings

Answer 33

Dissociation (Examples of Ego-Defense Mechanisms)

Question 34

Coping with a stressor through actions and behaviors associated with an earlier developmental period

Answer 34

Regression (Examples of Ego-Defense Mechanisms)

Question 35

begins when a person experiences or witnesses a traumatic event and responds with intense fear or helplessness.

Answer 35

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Question 36

military personnel and veterans and police, particularly soldiers who have been involved in combat or police involved in violent acts.

Answer 36

PTSD is common among

Question 37

recurrent and intrusive recollections of the event.

Answer 37

flashbacks

Question 38

is the trauma a person experiences from witnessing other people’s suffering.

Answer 38

Secondary traumatic stress (component of compassion fatigue)

Question 39

implies that a person is facing a turning point in life

Answer 39

crisis

Question 40

(1) maturational or developmental crises, (2) situational crises, (3) disasters or adventitious crises

Answer 40

3 types of crises

Question 41

occur as a person moves through the stages of life. .

Answer 41

Developmental crises

Question 42

External sources such as a job change, a motor vehicle crash, or severe illness provoke

Answer 42

situational crises

Question 43

A major natural disaster, man-made disaster, or crime of violence creates an

Answer 43

adventitious crisis.

Question 44

uses a systems approach to help you understand the responses of patients, families, and communities to stressors.

Answer 44

Neuman Systems Model

Question 45

explains that a stressor at one place in a system affects other parts of the system; a system is a person, family, or community

Answer 45

systems approach

Question 46

Physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, or spiritual

Answer 46

influences buffer stress.

Question 47

views a patient, family, or community as constantly changing in response to the environment and stressors.

Answer 47

The Neuman Systems Model of nursing

Question 48

how an individual can effectively respond to stressors in the environment. -According to Roy’s theory, a person has the ability to modify external stimuli to allow adaptation to occur.

Answer 48

Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model describes

Question 49

focuses on promoting health and managing stress

Answer 49

Pender’s Health Promotion Model

Question 50

Situational and social stressors place people who are vulnerable at

Answer 50

higher risk for prolonged stress.

Question 51

high-acuity patient load, job environment, constant distractions, responsibility, conflicting priorities, and intensity of care (e.g., trauma, emergency, or critical care areas)

Answer 51

Situational stressors in the workplace that affect nurses and other health care professionals include

Question 52

who are in the stage of initiative versus guilt identify stressors related to physical appearance, families, friends, and school. During this stage, teaching impulse control and cooperative behaviors is imperativ

Answer 52

Children (maturation factor>type of crisis)

Question 53

experience stress related to self-esteem issues, changing family structure as a result of divorce or death of a parent, or hospitalizations. Erikson asserts that during this stage, they can develop a sense of inferiority without proper support for learning new skills

Answer 53

Preadolescents (maturation factor>type of crisis)

Question 54

search for identity with peer groups and separate from their families, they also experience stress. In addition, they face stressful questions about sex, jobs, school, career choices, and using mind-altering substances. During this stage of development, stress can occur because of preoccupation with appearance and body image. Adolescents should strive to develop and accept personal identity.

Answer 54

adolescents (maturation factor>type of crisis)

Question 55

beginning a family and a career, losing parents, seeing children leave home, and accepting physical aging

Answer 55

adults (maturation factor>type of crisis)

Question 56

old age stressors include the loss of autonomy and mastery resulting from general frailty or health problems that limit stamina, strength, and cognition (

Answer 56

older adults (maturation factor>type of crisis)

Question 57

distancing, humor, accepting responsibility, and reappraising the stressor in a positive way

Answer 57

older adults coping

Question 58

is a term used to describe a state of burnout and secondary traumatic stress.

Answer 58

Compassion fatigue

Question 59

is the stress that health care providers experience when witnessing and caring for others who are suffering.

Answer 59

Secondary traumatic stress

Question 60

when perceived demands outweigh perceived resources

Answer 60

Burnout occurs

Question 61

, which refers to a deliberate and harmful behavior demonstrated in the workplace by one employee to another.

Answer 61

lateral violence

Question 62

affects health care providers when a medical error that results in significant harm to a patient and the patient’s family occurs

Answer 62

Second victim syndrome

Question 63

include a natural disaster such as a major flood or the sudden, unexpected death of a beloved teacher or teenager

Answer 63

Community stressors

Question 64

sometimes arises from a critically ill family member, the sudden loss of a job, a move, or becoming homeless.

Answer 64

Stress in a family

Question 65

, you direct nursing activities to identify individuals and populations who may be at risk for stress.

Answer 65

primary level of prevention (nursing intervention)

Question 66

include actions directed at symptoms, such as protecting the patient from self-harm.

Answer 66

secondary level of prevention (nursing intervention)

Question 67

help the patient readapt and can include relaxation training and time-management training.

Answer 67

Tertiary-level interventions

Question 68

are to decrease stress-producing situations, increase resistance to stress, and learn skills that reduce physiological response to stress

Answer 68

3 primary modes of intervention for stress

Question 69

is based on the belief that a person significantly reduces stress with imagination

Answer 69

Guided imagery

Question 70

diminishes physiological tension through a systematic approach to releasing tension in major muscle groups

Answer 70

Progressive muscular relaxation

Question 71

includes skills for helping individuals communicate effectively regarding their needs and desires

Answer 71

Assertiveness

Question 72

is beneficial for enhancing both psychological and physical health

Answer 72

Journal writing

Question 73

meditative practices are effective in reducing psychological and physical symptoms or perceptions.

Answer 73

. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)

Question 74

occurs when stress overwhelms a person’s usual coping mechanisms and demands mobilization of all available resources

Answer 74

Crisis

Question 75

is a specific type of brief psychotherapy and has two specific goals

Answer 75

Crisis intervention