ch 14 potter older adults

Question 1

myths and stereotypes about older adults persist.

Answer 1

gerontology

Question 2

serve as the primary source of income for most older adults

Answer 2

Social Security benefits

Question 3

too old/ worthless= no value to us

Answer 3

ageism

Question 4

provides care that addresses mutually established goals for an older adult, his or her family, and health care team members

Answer 4

Gerontological nursing

Question 5

(1) the interrelation between physical and psychosocial aspects of aging,
(2) the effects of disease and disability on functional status,
(3) tailoring (use treatments) the nursing assessment to an older person

Answer 5

Nursing assessment takes into account three key points to ensure an age-specific approach

Question 6

, move to a quiet area to reduce background noise, face the patient, and speak directly in clear, low-pitched tones

Answer 6

When a person has a hearing impairment

Question 7

SPICES framework (Box 14.3)

Answer 7

can be used to guide assessment of an older adult

Question 8

SPICES framework

Answer 8

S: Sleep disorders
P: Problems with eating or feeding
I: Incontinence
C: Confusion
E: Evidence of falls
S: Skin breakdown

Question 9

Residents with less muscle mass =higher risk for toxicity from protein-binding drugs such as

Answer 9

phenytoin (Dilantin) and warfarin (Coumadin)

Question 10

Loss of skin elasticity with fat loss in extremities; pigmentation changes; glandular atrophy (oil, moisture, sweat glands); thinning hair, with hair turning gray-white (facial hair: decreased in men, increased in women); slower nail growth; atrophy of epidermal arterioles

Answer 10

Integumentary (

Common Physiological Changes with Aging At a Glance)

Question 11

Thickening of blood vessel walls, narrowing of vessel lumen, loss of vessel elasticity, lower cardiac output, decreased number of heart muscle fibers, decreased elasticity and calcification of heart valves, decreased baroreceptor sensitivity, decreased efficiency of venous valves, increased pulmonary vascular tension, increased systolic blood pressure, decreased peripheral circulation

Answer 11

Cardiovascular(

Common Physiological Changes with Aging At a Glance)

Question 12

Periodontal disease; decrease in saliva, gastric secretions, and pancreatic enzymes; smooth-muscle changes with decreased peristalsis and small intestinal motility; gastric atrophy; decreased production of intrinsic factor; increased stomach pH; loss of smooth muscle in the stomach; hemorrhoids; rectal prolapse; and impaired rectal sensation.

Answer 12

Gastrointestinal(

Common Physiological Changes with Aging At a Glance)

Question 13

Decreased muscle mass and strength, decalcification of bones, degenerative joint changes, dehydration of intervertebral disks, fat tissue increases

Answer 13

Musculoskeletal(

Common Physiological Changes with Aging At a Glance)

Question 14

Degeneration of nerve cells, decrease in neurotransmitters, decrease in rate of conduction of impulses

Answer 14

Neurological(

Common Physiological Changes with Aging At a Glance)

Question 15

Decreased accommodation to near/far vision (presbyopia), difficulty adjusting to changes from light to dark, yellowing of the lens, altered color perception, increased sensitivity to glare, smaller pupils

Answer 15

Eyes(

Common Physiological Changes with Aging At a Glance)

Question 16

Loss of acuity for high-frequency tones (presbycusis), thickening of tympanic membrane, sclerosis of inner ear, buildup of earwax (cerumen)

Answer 16

Ears(

Common Physiological Changes with Aging At a Glance)

Question 17

Often diminished; often fewer taste buds

Answer 17

Taste(

Common Physiological Changes with Aging At a Glance)

Question 18

Often diminished

Answer 18

Smell(

Common Physiological Changes with Aging At a Glance)

Question 19

Decreased skin receptors

Answer 19

Touch(

Common Physiological Changes with Aging At a Glance)

Question 20

Decreased awareness of body positioning in space

Answer 20

Proprioception(

Common Physiological Changes with Aging At a Glance)

Question 21

Fewer nephrons, 50% decrease in renal blood flow by age 80, decreased bladder capacity
Male—enlargement of prostate
Female—reduced sphincter tone

Answer 21

Genitourinary(

Common Physiological Changes with Aging At a Glance)

Question 22

Male—sperm count diminished, smaller testes, erections less firm and slow to develop
Female—decreased estrogen production; degeneration of ovaries; atrophy of vagina, uterus, and breasts; dryness of vaginal mucosa

Answer 22

Reproductive

Common Physiological Changes with Aging At a Glance

Question 23

General—alterations in hormone production with decreased ability to respond to stress
Thyroid—diminished secretions
Cortisol, glucocorticoids—increased anti-inflammatory hormone
Pancreas—increased fibrosis, decreased secretion of enzymes and hormones, decreased sensitivity to insulin

Answer 23

Endocrine

Common Physiological Changes with Aging At a Glance

Question 24

Thymus decreases in size and volume
T-cell function decreases
Core temperature elevation is lowered

Answer 24

Immune

Common Physiological Changes with Aging At a Glance

Question 25

melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 25

3 malignancies related to sun exposure when examining skin lesions:

Question 26

, a progressive decline in the ability of the eyes to accommodate from near to far vision, is common

Answer 26

Presbyopia

Question 27

has to adjust to grandchildren

Answer 27

middle-aged adult

Question 28

Adjusting to retirement is one of the developmental tasks for an

Answer 28

older person

Question 29

has to adjust to career

and/or divorce

Answer 29

young or middle-aged adult

Question 30

Life transitions (older adult)

Answer 30

include retirement and the associated financial changes, changes in roles and relationships, alterations in health
and functional ability, changes in one’s social network, and relocation

Question 31

universal loss for older adults usually revolves around the (older adult)

Answer 31

loss of relationships through death

Question 32

sedatives and tranquilizers prescribed for acutely confused older adults sometimes

Answer 32

cause or exacerbate confusion