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Human Anatomy > Lecture Reproductive System > Flashcards

Lecture Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What hormone is produced by the kidney that has an effect on RBC production?

A

Erythropoietin

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2
Q

What does Retroperitoneal mean?

A

Behind the peritoneal cavity

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3
Q

What is the layer of fat that cushions the kidney?

A

Adipose capsule

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4
Q

Difference between peritubular and vasa recta?

A

Location– “tubular”- tubules, vasa recta- loop

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5
Q

What vessel/structure is between the afferent and efferent arterioles?

A

Glomerulus

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6
Q

Anything that enters the space of the glomerular capsule is called _____?

A

Filtrate

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7
Q

Where do you find Podocytes?

A

Wrapped around the glomerular capillaries

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8
Q

What are the two kinds of dialysis?

A

Hemodialysis & Peritoneal dialysis

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9
Q

What is the floor of the bladder w/out rugae called?

A

Trigone

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10
Q

When are homologous pairs important?

A

During meiosis

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11
Q

mitosis v. meiosis
• Amount of chromosomal material at end?
• Type of cells produced?
• Number of divisions?

A

Chromosomal amount at end-46 v 23
Cells– Body cells v sex cells (gametes)
Divisions-1v2

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12
Q

What are chromosomes made of?

A

DNA

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13
Q

When does the DNA replicate?

A

Interphase before division

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14
Q

Why have meiosis?

A

Cut chromosome # in 1⁄2 for fertilization

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15
Q

How many cells are produced in meiosis?

A

Usually = 4, but depends on whether male or female in humans

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16
Q

Development is not determined until

A

6 weeks or later

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17
Q

Homologous structures

A

Female Male

1) Labia majora 1) Scrotum
2) Labia minora 2) Penis shaft
3) Clitoris 3) Glans penis
4) Ovary 4) Testis

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18
Q

XX

A

Females

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19
Q

XY

A

Males

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20
Q

TDF gene

A

Testis-Determining Factor: On Y chromosome triggers secretion of testosterone

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21
Q

Presence of testosterone in the 7th week leads too?

A

Male development

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22
Q

Absence of testosterone leads to

A

Female development

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23
Q

Descend by following gubernaculum

A

Testes

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24
Q

If testis doesn’t descend =

A

Cryptorchidism. Should descend by one year.

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25
Q

A pouch of skin Sperm production is inhibited

by core TB

A

Scrotum

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26
Q

A skeletal muscle which tenses the scrotum & brings testis closer to the body
for temperature regulation

A

Cremaster muscle

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27
Q

; extends into septa and divides the
dense fibrous layer
testis into lobules.

A

Tunica albuginea

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28
Q

Covers tunica albuginea parietal & a visceral layer); these serous membranes reduce friction between surfaces

A

Tunica vaginalis

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29
Q

Meiosis (spermatogenesis)

A

Seminiferous tubules

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30
Q

Between the seminiferous tubules
• Do not produce sperm
• Produce testosterone

A

Interstitial Cells

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31
Q

Drain into a maze of passageways called the rete testis

A

Seminiferous tubules



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32
Q

Efferent ductules join rete testis to epididymus, 23 feet long, lining is simple columnar epithelium with long cilia

A

Epididymus

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33
Q

Sperm cells from the seminiferous tubules do not actively swim; they attain functional maturity during 2 weeks spent in the epididymis

A

Sperm maturation

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34
Q

For the rapid transport of sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.

A

Ductus (vas) deferens

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35
Q

Column of fascia, muscles, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, connective tissue & ducts that descend with the testes

A

Spermatic cord

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36
Q

Ascends through the inguinal canal. Weakness here may cause a hernia.

A

Ductus deferens

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37
Q

Allows for sexual intercourse & contains a portion of the male urethra, three columns of erectile tissue

A

Penis

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38
Q

Two columns of erectile tissue

A

Corpora cavernosa

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39
Q

A single column of erectile tissue that surrounds the penile urethra; glans penis at the tip

A

Corpus spongiosum

40
Q

Accessory glands produce

A

95% of semen

41
Q

Contributes ≈60% of the volume of semen –

mostly prostaglandins & fructose; alkaline pH.

A

Seminal vesicles

42
Q

Promote opening of cervix

A

Prostaglandins

43
Q

Nourishes sperm

A

Fructose

44
Q

High pH counteracts low pH of the?

A

Vagina

45
Q

Inferior to the bladder, contributes ~30% of the volume of semen, contains- Seminalplasmin &
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

A

Prostate gland

46
Q

Antibiotic effect

A

Seminalplasmin

47
Q

Helps to liquify semen after ejaculation

A

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

48
Q

Small; secretes a thick alkaline mucus which neutralizes acids and provides lubrication; contributes ≈5%

A

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland

49
Q

Stem cell = spermatogonium Meiosis produces four sperm cells = 4 spermatozoa

A

Spermatogenesis

50
Q

Occurs in Seminiferous tubules

A

Spermatogenesis

51
Q

Takes 4-5 weeks to complete. Takes place within the cytoplasm of large sustentacular cells

A

Spermatogenesis

52
Q

Form a spiral around the midpiece of a sperm

A

Mitochondria

53
Q

The head of a sperm contains

A

the nucleus that is densely packed with DNA

54
Q

Strong enzymes of sperm get concentrated in the

A

Acrosome cap

55
Q

Excess cytoplasm is lost resulting in a small cell without energy reserves. Results in?

A

immature spermatozoa

56
Q

Produce gametes. Produce estrogen & progesterone

A

Ovaries

57
Q

A layer of simple cuboidal epithelium

that covers the ovary is actually the ovary’s visceral peritoneum

A

Germinal epithelium

58
Q

The dense connective tissue layer just under the germinal epithelium

A

Tunica albuginea

59
Q

The outer layer where the production &

maturation of gametes occurs.

A

Cortex

60
Q

The inner layer that carries the blood vessels Blood supply is through the various ovarian ligaments

A

Medulla

61
Q

Before birth females have made all the

A

Gametes they will ever make; mitosis of oogonia (female stem cells) cease

62
Q

Female gamete stuck in Prophase I

A

Primary oocyte

63
Q

7 million 1o oocytes

A

In uretro

64
Q

2 million 1o oocytes

A

At birth

65
Q

300,000-400,000 1o oocytes

A

At onset of puberty

66
Q

In a typical woman’s entire reproductive life, only

A

400-500 gametes will finish meiosis I to become 2o oocytes

67
Q

The 1o oocytes remain stuck in prophase 1 until the

A

Onset of puberty

68
Q

The hormones of puberty stimulate one (sometimes two)

A

1o oocyte per month to complete meiosis I. This results in a 2o oocyte & a polar body (with most cytoplasm in the oocyte)

69
Q

It is NOT an ovum, but a _____ that is ovulated!

A

2o oocyte

70
Q

Fusion of sperm with the 2o oocyte stimulates the

A

Completion of meiosis II ( a second polar body then results)

71
Q

Ovum exits for a very short time before it becomes a?

A

Zygote

72
Q

Also called oviduct or uterine tube; hollow muscular tubes ≈5 in. long

A

Fallopian tubes

73
Q

Expanded funnel contains many finger like projections called fimbrae; lined with cilia

A

Infundibulum

74
Q

Most of the middle portion of the tube; the

usual site of fertilization

A

Ampulla

75
Q

Short segment adjacent to the uterine wall

A

Isthmus

76
Q

Development outside the uterus

A

Ectopic pregnancy

77
Q

Enter the uterine wall at uterine ostium

A

Fallopian tube

78
Q

Weak peristalsis occurs in

A

smooth muscle in the days around ovulation; oocyte takes 3-4 days to make the trip

79
Q

In the uterus: The portion of the body superior to the uterine ostia

A

Fundus

80
Q

Uterus: The largest main portion

A

Body

81
Q

Uterus: Inferior constriction of the body

A

Isthmus

82
Q

Uterus: The inferior uterine terminus that extends from the isthmus to the vagina

A

Cervix

83
Q

Layers of the uterine wall

A

1) Perimetrium – an outer, serous layer
2) Myometrium – a thick smooth muscle layer
3) Endometrium – an inner layer of glandular mucosa, thickness varies over the monthly uterine cycle

84
Q

Pap smear: What cells are sampled? What is it testing for?

A

Cells sampled- Cervix

Testing for-Uterine cancer

85
Q

For sexual intercourse, as well as birth canal

A

Vagina

86
Q

Nonkeratinized stratified

squamous and rugae

A

Vagina

87
Q

The cervix protrudes into the superior end of the vagina, the vaginal recess that surrounds this cervical protrusion is called the?

A

Fornix

88
Q

Ovarian cycle

A

1000’s of primary follicles are present at birth; contain 1o oocytes

89
Q

How many primary follicles develop?

A

Many develop (primary 1o oocyte)

90
Q

How many secondary follicles develop?

A

Only one develops (primary 1o oocyte)

91
Q

Secondary (2o) oocyte

A

Vesicular follicle

92
Q

Results from a surge of LH from the anterior

pituitary at end of follicular phase (1-14 days); some follicular cells exit ovary also- the corona radiata

A

Ovulation

93
Q

Ovarian cycle

A

Corpus luteum: old follicle fills with blood; becomes an endocrine structure (secreting estrogen & progesterone); turns a yellow color; if no pregnancy it degenerates into corpus albicans, falling hormone levels trigger menses & the end of the luteal phase; if a pregnancy results, HCG from the developing pre-embryo & placenta maintains the corpus luteum thru 3 months

94
Q

Produces Progesterone and Estrogen to maintain endometrium

A

Corpus luteum

95
Q

Continues to produce Progesterone under influence of HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

A

Corpus luteum

96
Q

Placenta eventually produces P & E through birth

A

Corpus luteum

97
Q

Uterine glands grow to increase?

A

Thickness

Human Anatomy (50 decks)

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