Lecture 2 notes Flashcards
With a light microscope you can mostly see 3 things
1) Plasma membrane
2) Nucleus (DNA region)
3) Cytoplasm
Types of movement through the plasma membrane
Passive movement and Active movement
For passive movement
- Does not require cell energy
- Moves from higher to lower concentration
For active movement
- Uses cell energy (ATP)
- Can move molecules against the gradient
Types of passive movement
-Diffusion
-Osmosis
_Facilitated diffusion
Diffusion is
Simple movement from hight to low concentration
Osmosis is
Movement of water from high to low water concentration
Facilitated diffusion is
Specific molecules attach to proteins and then diffuse
The nucleus is
The control center-houses genetic information (includes nucleolus and chromatin)
The endoplasmic reticulum comes in two ways
Rough and Smooth
Smooth ER
Synthesis of lipids, steroids & few carbohydrates. Stores Ca++
Rough ER
- Presence of ribosomes makes it rough
- Assembly line for proteins
The golgi apparatus
The golgi bodies or apparatus puts on the finishing touches, and packages molecules
There are two types of vesicles
Secretory and transport vesicles
The lysosomes
Arise from the Golgi and carry digestive enzymes to destroy old organelles or pathogens (bacteria or virus)
-suicide organelle
The mitochondria
- Two membranes (outer & a folded inner)
- Have own DNA & can reproduce
- Functions as the cells “powerhouse” converting food materials into molecules of ATP
- ATP is the molecules that supplies energy directly to a cell
- Mitochondrial DNA comes from our mother not father
Ribosomes, the non-membranous organelles are
Responsible for protein synthesis (doesn’t make proteins, just helps).
Could be either stuck on rough ER or free-floating
When a chromosome enters cell division, it has already what and why?
Duplicated, so when it condenses you will see two copies. Each copy is called a chromatid, and each “sister” chromatid is attached at the centromere
We know when a cell is entering mitosis by
Looking through a microscope and see chromosomes
When chromosomes are condensed they are called
Chromatids
The 4 tissues are
1) Epithelial tissue
2) Connective tissue
3) Muscle tissue
4) Nervous tissue
The cell cycle is abbreviated into what
IPMAT