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Human Anatomy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Science is

A

A method of answering questions based upon, observation, evidence and experimentaion

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2
Q

Scientific hypothesis is

A

An educated guess based upon previous observations which is testable using the scientific method. A hypothesis is also falsified

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3
Q

Scientific theory is

A

A set of hypotheses supported by all the available scientific evidence; explains natural phenomena; has predictive value

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4
Q

Scientific law is

A

Description of processes with repeatable, predictable outcomes with no known exceptions

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5
Q

Proof is

A

This term should NOT be used in science. It is not possible to prove a theory or law. They can only be supported by the evidence

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6
Q

Probability=

A

Most likely, statistically

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7
Q

Causation=

A

One event is reason for second even occurring

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8
Q

Coincidence=

A

2 or more unrelated events which occur at roughly the same time

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9
Q

Scientific method=

A

Method for separating coincidence from causation

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10
Q

What is the order for the scientific method?

A

1) Observation
2) Question
3) Hypothesis
4) Experiment
5) Conclusion
6) Publish important conclusion
7) Conclusions gathered together may become a theory

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11
Q

William Harvey was

A

An English physician who was the first to describe accurately how blood was pumped around the body by the heart. Also called the father of cardiovascular medicine

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12
Q

What are the levels of organization?

A 
Chemical level
1) Atom
2) Molecule
Cellular Level
3) Cells
Tissue Level
4) Tissues
Organ Level
5) Organ
Organ System Level
6) Organ system
Organism Level
7) Organism
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13
Q

What are the 12 organ systems

A

1) Integumentary System
2) Skeletal System
3) Muscular System
4) Nervous system
5) Endocrine system
6) Cardiovascular system
7) Lymphatic system
8) Respiratory system
9) Digestive system
10) Urinary system
11) Male reproductive system
12) Female reproductive system

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14
Q

What are the organs in the Integumentary system?

A

Organ system consisting of; skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands

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15
Q

What does the integumentary system do?

A

Provides protection, regulates body temperature, site of cutaneous receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, prevents water loss

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16
Q

What are the organs in the skeletal system?

A

Bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and joints

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17
Q

What does the skeletal system do?

A

Provides support & protection, site of hemopoiesis (blood cell production), stores calcium & phosphorus, provides sites for muscle attachments

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18
Q

What are the organs for the muscular system?

A

Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and skeletal muscle. There are 4 major groups: muscles of the lower extremity, the trunk muscles, the muscles of the upper extremity and head-and-neck muscles

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19
Q

What does the muscular system do?

A

Produces body movement, generates heat when muscles contract

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20
Q

What organs make up the nervous system

A

Brain &spinal cord, principal organs of the nervous system include the eyes, ears, sensory organs of taste and smell and sensory receptors in skin, joints, muscles and other parts of the body

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21
Q

What does the nervous system do?

A

A regulatory system that controls body movement, responds to sensory stimuli, & helps control all other systems of the body. Also responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory

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22
Q

What organs make up the endocrine system?

A

Hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, kidney, testes, ovaries

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23
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

Consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones, some of which regulate body & cellular growth, chemical levels in the body, & reproductive functions

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24
Q

What organs make up the cardiovascular system

A

heart, arteries, veins, arterioles, venules, and capillaries.

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25
Q

What does the cardiovascular system do?

A

Consists of the heart (a pump), blood, & blood vessels; the heart moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, & gases, & pick up waste products

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26
Q

What are the organs of the lymphatic system?

A

Capillaries, vessels, nodes, and ducts that collects and transports lymph, which is a clear to slightly yellowish fluid

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27
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

Transports & filters lymph (interstitial fluid transported through lymph vessels) & initiates an immune response when necessary

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28
Q

What are the organs of the respiratory system

A

Nasal cavity, nose, pharynx (throat), larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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29
Q

What does the respiratory system do?

A

Responsible for exchange of gases (oxygen & carbon dioxide) between blood & the air in the lungs

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30
Q

What are the organs of the digestive system

A

Oral cavity (mouth), salivary glands, pharynx (throat), esophagus, liver, stomach, large intestine, small intestine

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31
Q

What does the digestive system do?

A

Mechanically & chemically digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, & expels waste products

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32
Q

What are the organs of the urinary system?

A

Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

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33
Q

What does the urinary system do?

A

Filters the blood & removes waste products from the blood, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, & expels urine from the body

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34
Q

What are the organs of the male reproductive system?

A

1) Ductus deferens
2) Prostate gland
3) Urethra
4) Testes
5) Seminal vesicle
6) Epididymis
7) Penis
8) Scrotum

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35
Q

What does the male reproductive system do?

A

Produces male sex cells (sperm) & male hormones (e.g. testosterone), transfers sperm to the female

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36
Q

What are the organs for the female reproductive system?

A

1) Mammary glands
2) Ovary
3) Uterus
4) Uterine tube
5) Vagina
6) External genitalia (clitoris, labia)

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37
Q

What does the female reproductive system do?

A

Produces female sex cells (oocytes) & female hormones (e.g. estrogen, & progesterone), receives sperm from male, site of fertilization of oocyte, site of growth & development of embryo & fetus

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38
Q

What is the difference between organ and organ system?

A

An organ is a group of tissues that form a part of an organ system, (i.e. esophagus, stomach, intestines) An organ system is a group of organs with a common purpose. (for example the digestive system has the esophagus, stomach, intestines, and so on)

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39
Q

What is cranial

A

Toward the head

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40
Q

Cytology is

A

Study of cells

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41
Q

Responsiveness is

A

Detect & react to stimuli

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42
Q

Inguinal region is

A

Groin

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43
Q

Caudal is

A

Toward the tail

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44
Q

Development is

A

Structural change in the body

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45
Q

Vertebral cavity is

A

Contains spinal cord

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46
Q

Histology is

A

Study of tissues

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47
Q

Mediastinum is

A

Thoracic cavity

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48
Q

Systemic anatomy is

A

Study of organs of one system

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49
Q

Cutting a midsagittal section through the body separates the

A

Right and left halves of the body

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50
Q

Examination of superficial anatomic markings & internal body structures as they relate to the covering skin is called

A

Surface anatomy

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51
Q

Which region corresponds to the forearm?

A

Antebrachial

52
Q

The state of maintaining a constant internal environment is called

A

Homeostasis

53
Q

The ____ level of organization is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform a common function

A

Organ

54
Q

Which body cavity is located inferior to the diaphragm & superior to a horizontal line drawn between the superior edges of the hip bones?

A

Abdominal cavity

55
Q

The term used when referring to a body structure that is below, or at a lower level than, another structure is

A

Inferior

56
Q

The ____ region is the “front” of the knee.

A

Patellar

57
Q

The sub discipline of anatomy that examines structures not readily seen by the unaided eye is

A

Microscopic anatomoy

58
Q

What properties are common to all living things?

A

1) Organization
2) Metabolism
3) Growth & development
4) Responsiveness
5) Adaptation
6) Regulation
7) Reproduction

59
Q

Describe the body in the anatomic position. Why is the anatomic position used?

A

An individual stands upright with the feet parallel & flat on the floor. The head is level, the eyes look forward. The arms are at either side of the body with the palms facing forward & the thumbs pointing away from the body. By visualizing the body in anatomic position, all observers have a common point of reference when describing & discussing its regions

60
Q

Describe the difference between the directional terms superior & inferior

A

Superior=closer to the head

Inferior=closer to the feet

61
Q

List the anatomic term that describes each of the following body regions: forearm, wrist, chest, armpit, thigh, and foot

A 
Forearm-Antebrachial
Wrist-Carpal
Chest-Pectoral
Armpit-axillary
Thigh-Femoral
Foot-Pes
62
Q

What are the two body cavities within the posterior aspect, & what does each cavity contain?

A

Cranial cavity (houses the brain) & Vertebral canal (contains the spinal cord)

63
Q

Describe the structure & function of serous membranes in the body

A

Composed of 2 layers: Parietal layer (lines internal surface of the body wall) & visceral layer (Covers external surface of organs w/in the cavity). Serous fluid’s lubricant properties reduce friction & help organs move smoothly against both one another & the body wall

64
Q

The prenatal period is broken down into shorter periods which are

A

1) The pre-embryonic period
2) The embryonic period
3) The fetal period

65
Q

The pre-embryonic period is?

A

First 2 weeks of development when the single cell produced by fertilization (zygote) becomes a blastocyst. This period ends when the blastocyst implants in the lining of the uterus

66
Q

The embryonic period is?

A

The 3rd-8th week of development. Active time during which versions of the major organ systems appear in the body, which is now called an embryo

67
Q

The fetal period is

A

Remaining 30 weeks of development when the organism is called a fetus. The fetus continues to grow, & its organs increase in complexity

68
Q

Embryogenesis is

A

The developmental processes that occur in the pre-embryonic & embryonic periods

69
Q

Cleavage is

A

The zygote divides by mitosis to form a multicellular structure called a blastocyst

70
Q

Gastrulation is

A

The blastocyst cells form three primary germ layers, which are the basic cellular structures from which all body tissues develop

71
Q

Organogenesis is

A

The three primary germ layers arrange themselves in ways that give rise to all organs in the body

72
Q

Following birth, an individual spends a great portion of his or her life undergoing maturation. During this stage what happens?

A

The body grows & develops, & the sex organs become mature. The sex organs then begin to produce sex cells, or gametes through a process called gametogenesis

73
Q

Hereditary information is carried on?

A

Chromosomes

74
Q

Human somatic cells contain how many chromosomes?

A

23 pairs of chromosomes: 22 pairs of autosomes & one pair of sex chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes

75
Q

Autosomes contain?

A

Genetic information for most human characteristics, such as eye color, hair, height, & skin pigmentation

76
Q

A pair of similar autosomes are called?

A

Homologous chromosomes

77
Q

What determines whether an individual is female or male?

A

The pair of sex chromosomes; female will have two X chromosomes & males have one X & one Y chromosome

78
Q

How many chromosomes come from your mother & father?

A

23 each

79
Q

A cell is said to be a diploid if?

A

It contains 23 pairs of chromosomes

80
Q

Sex cells (either a secondary oocyte or sperm) are?

A

Haploid because they contain 23 chromosomes ONLY

81
Q

The process of gametogenesis begins with?

A

Cell division called meiosis

82
Q

Sex cells produced in females are?

A

Secondary oocyte

83
Q

Sex cells produced in males are?

A

Sperm

84
Q

Meiosis is

A

A type of sex cell division that starts off with a diploid parent cell & produces haploid daughter cells

85
Q

The process of oocyte development is

A

Oogenesis

86
Q

Oogonia is

A

The parent cells, or stem cells, that produce oocytes. They reside in the ovaries

87
Q

Gastrulation is

A

Formation of three primary germ layers

88
Q

Neural tube is

A

Forms the brain & spinal cord

89
Q

Morula

A

Solid ball of cells during cleavage

90
Q

Blastocyst is

A

Structure that implants into the uterus

91
Q

A zygote is

A

Single cell produced by fertiliation

92
Q

Fertilization of the secondary oocyte normally occurs in the?

A

Uterine tube

93
Q

The beginning of brain & spinal cord formation is termed?

A

Neurulation

94
Q

Describe the formation of the primary germ layers

A

Begins with formation of the primitive streak. Cells detach from the epiblast layer & migrate through the primitive streak between the epiblast & hypoblast layers, this is known as invagination. The layer of cells that forms between these two layers becomes the primary germ layer known as mesoderm. Other migrating cells eventually displace the hypoblast & form the endoderm. Cells remaining in the epiblast then form the ectoderm.

95
Q

What is the source of the three primary germ layers?

A

The epiblast, through the process of gastrulation, is the source of the three primary germ layers, from which all body tissues & organs eventually derive

96
Q

Describe the difference between the embryonic period & the fetal period

A

Embryonic: 3rd-8th week of development. Active time when versions of major organ systems appear in the body. Now called an embryo.
Fetal: Remaining 30 weeks of development. Organism now called fetus. Fetus continues to grow, & its organs increase in complexity

97
Q

What do Ribosomes do?

A

Responsible for synthesizing proteins

98
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Organelles housing digestive enzymes

99
Q

Peripheral proteins are

A

NOT embedded in phospholipid bilayer

100
Q

The Golgi apparatus is

A

An organelle that sorts & packages molecules

101
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

102
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center; stores genetic information

103
Q

When a cell begins to divide, its chromatin forms?

A

Chromosomes

104
Q

Facilitated diffusion differs from active transport in that facilitated diffusion?

A

Expends ATP

105
Q

______ increase the outer surface area of the plasma membrane to increase absorption

A

Microvilli

106
Q

The major functions of the Golgi apparatus are?

A

Packaging, sorting, & modification of new molecules

107
Q

Interphase of the cell cycle consists of the following parts

A

G1, S, G2

108
Q

The organelle that provides most of the ATP needed by all cells is

A

Mitochondrion

109
Q

During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids begin to move apart from each other at the middle of the cell?

A

Anaphase

110
Q

Describe the three main regions common to all cells,

A

1) Plasma membrane
2) Cytoplasm
3) Nucleus

111
Q

What is plasma membrane

A

Sometimes called the cell membrane, forms the outer, limiting barrier separating the internal contents of the cell from the external environment

112
Q

Composition of plasma membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer containing cholesterol & proteins & some carbohydrates

113
Q

They cytoplasm is

A

Place of many metabolic processes of the cell; stores nutrients & dissolved solutes

114
Q

composition of cytoplasm

A

Contains cytosol, a viscous fluid, & inclusions & organelles

115
Q

Composition of nucleus

A

Surrounded by double membrane nuclear envelope; contains nucleolus & chromatin

116
Q

Fertilization usually take place in?

A

The widest part of the uterine tube, called the ampulla

117
Q

Do eggs & sperm arise by mitosis or meiosis? Why?

A

Meiosis because it combines different genes from both parents.

118
Q

What are “embryonic” stem cells and why are they important and controversial?

A

An embryonic stem cell is a sort of “blank” cell, one that can be programmed to grow into any other type of cell the body needs. When a fetus initially forms, it is merely a bundle of these stem cells, and over the weeks of development they differentiate into specialized cells to form muscles, the nervous system, the circulatory system an all other tissues.
They are controversial because the fact that these cells are taken from developing embryos has led some to argue that it involves the destruction of human life and should be outlawed.

119
Q

What is the chromosome number for gametes?

A
  • In females the sex cell (secondary oocyte) will have 22 autosomes and one X chromosome
  • In males the sex cell (sperm) will first divide by mitosis to make an exact copy (primary spermatocyte). The primary spermatocyte undergo meiosis & produce spermatids. Spermatids contain 23 chromosomes only.
  • from a single spermatocyte, four new sperm are formed. Two of the sperm have 22 autosomes and one X chromosome, and two have 22 autosomes and one Y chromosome
120
Q

Ectoderm gives rise to

A

1) Epidermis of skin & epidermal derivatives (hair, nails, sweat glands, mammary glands)
2) Nervous tissue & sense organs
3) Pituitary gland
4) Adrenal medulla
5) Enamel of teeth
6) Lens of eye

121
Q

Mesoderm gives rise to

A

1) Dermis of skin
2) Epithelial lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, body cavities, joint cavities
3) Muscle tissue
4) Connective tissue ( including connective tissue proper, bone, cartilage, blood)
5) Adrenal cortex
6) Heart
7) Kidneys & ureters
8) Internal reproductive organs
9) Spleen

122
Q

Endoderm gives rise to

A

1) Epithelial lining of respiratory tract, GI tract, tympanic cavity, auditory tube, urinary bladder, & urethra
2) Liver (most of)
3) Gallbladder
4) Pancreas
5) Thymus
6) Thyroid gland
7) Parathyroid gland
8) Palatine tonsils (portion of)

123
Q

The endoderm is the

A
  • Innermost layer.
  • Responsible for the development of the lining of the stomach and intestines, mucous membranes and other internal organs and linings
124
Q

The mesoderm is the

A

Center layer wedged between the ectoderm and endoderm.

  • Responsible for the development of mesenchyme.
  • Mesenchyme is responsible for the development and growth of muscles, bones, blood and other tissues
125
Q

The ectoderm is the

A

Outermost layer

  • Becomes the epidermis or skin, brain and the nervous system.
  • gives rise to other external bodily surfaces

Human Anatomy (50 decks)

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