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Human Anatomy > Lap Oral #2 > Flashcards

Lap Oral #2 Flashcards

1
Q

The Nucleus

A

Serves as the control center of the cell. It contains DNA which indirectly regulates all cell activity. It also contains the nucleolus

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2
Q

The nucleolus

A

Contains RNA, also where ribosomes are made

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3
Q

The mitochondrion

A

A double membrane organelle with the inner membrane folded to create more surface area. Some look like a bean with a worm inside, especially when they are sliced longitudinally. This organelle converts energy rich molecules into ATP. “Powerhouse” of the cell

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4
Q

What is it called when energy rich molecules are converted giving off heat as a byproduct?

A

Metabolism or cellular respiration

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5
Q

Mitochondrion are responsible for

A

Most of our metabolism

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6
Q

The cell membrane

A

Surrounds the cell & determines what substances can enter & exit the cell

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7
Q

The Golgi body

A

Also called Golgi apparatus or Golgi complex. Series of membranes that has several functions:

  • Modification: Modifies new proteins destined for lysosomes, secretion, & plasma membrane
  • Packaging: Packages enzymes for lysosomes & proteins for secretion
  • Sorting: Sorts all materials for lysosomes, secretion, & incorporation into the plasma membrane
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8
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

Serious of membranes. Extends all throughout the cell. There are 2 types of ER, smooth ER, and rough ER

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9
Q

Functions of smooth ER (SER)

A

Synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates & detoxifies drugs & alcohol

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10
Q

the rough ER (RER)

A

Responsible for producing, transporting, & storing proteins to be exported outside the cell, proteins to be incorporated into the plasma membrane, & the enzymes that are housed w/in lysosomes

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11
Q

Function of rough ER (RER)

A

Synthesizes proteins for secretion, new proteins for the plasma membrane, & lysosomal enzymes; transports & stores molecules

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12
Q

Ribosomes are

A

Small bodies composed of RNA & protein. This is the place where proteins are made in the cell

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13
Q

Protein active cells have more

A

Ribosomes

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14
Q

Where can ribosomes be found?

A

They can be attached to the ER making it rough or they can be found in the cytoplasm unattached or free thus called “free ribosomes”

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15
Q

The two types of ribosomes are

A

Free and fixed, they differ in the place that their proteins end up

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16
Q

Free ribosome proteins

A

Stay in the cytosol

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17
Q

Fixed ribosome proteins

A

End up outside the cell, in the cell membrane, or inside of a lysosome

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18
Q

Lysosome are

A

Organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They function to break down various cell parts, & can even destroy the entire cell that they are located in. Sometimes referred to as “suicide organelles” because when things go wrong they can destroy their own healthy cells

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19
Q

What organelle produces the lysosomes?

A

The Golgi apparatus

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20
Q

Centrioles

A

Come in pairs-whole body is called centrosome

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21
Q

What do centrioles do?

A

During cell division they migrate to opposite sides of the cell & they produce microtubules that become the spindle apparatus along which chromosomes will move. The centrioles only become important during cell division

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22
Q

What produces spindle fibers?

A

Centrioles

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23
Q

How do cells make new cells?

A

By a process of cell division called mitosis

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24
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
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25
Q

Interphase

A

Not a stage of mitosis but part of the cell cycle. Chromosomes are NOT visible, the nuclear membrane is visible. This is the phase in which DNA is replicated

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26
Q

Prophase

A

During prophase the chromosomes first appear (pro means beginning or before) so prophase marks the beginning of actual mitosis, the chromosomes first appear, they are DNA that are the light microscope. There is no particular arrangement of the chromosomes, they are just there

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27
Q

Metaphase

A

The chromosomes line up on the middle. The spindle fibers are organized now & the chromosomes are all lined up on the middle of the plane of the cell

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28
Q

Anaphase

A

Ana means to split & thats what happens, the chromosome halves, which are called chromatids, pull apart so that they can begin moving towards the opposite sides of the cell

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29
Q

Telophase

A

The chromatids arrive at the opposite sides of the cell, the nuclear envelope begins to reappear

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30
Q

The four principle kinds of tissue are

A

Epithelial tissue
Nervous tissue
Muscle tissue
Connective tissue

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31
Q

Epithelial tissues form

A

The basis of many of the body surfaces, so that often one side of the cell is in contact with the exterior and one side of the cell is in contact with the interior. These cells play roles in absorption, secretion, and protection against foreign substances

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32
Q

The 3 different kinds of shapes of Epithelial tissues are

A

1) Squamous
2) Cuboidal
3) Columnar

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33
Q

The two layer types epithelial tissue are

A

Simple=single layer

Stratified=two or more layers

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34
Q

Simple squamous epithelium is

A

A single layer of cells; lines blood vessels, alveoli of the lungs & respiratory pathway

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35
Q

What happens at the blood vessels and respiratory pathway and why?

A

Gases need to be exchanged across the thin membrane and it can only be done with thin cells

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36
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium comes

A

In layers; comes from wall of the vagina & also find it on the surface of your skin. It is in places where the epithelium might come into contact with abrasion, layers on the outside could sloth off, and layers below that would then be the living cells that would add to by mitosis to those cells that are constantly being worn off.

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37
Q

Most of the outer cells on the skin are?

A

Dead cells, they are there to protect the underlying living cells. Because it is in multiple layers it is stratified squamous epithelium

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38
Q

We can find simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Some of the small ducts inside of the nephron of the kidney, inside of the glandular tissue

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39
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium is fairly common…what isn’t fairly common?

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

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40
Q

Where can stratified cuboidal epithelium be found?

A

Inside the duct of the parotid gland

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41
Q

Simple columnar lines

A

The digestive tract.

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42
Q

Simple ciliated columnar epithelium has cilia on the end, the function of the cilia in the oviducts is

A

To move the egg along from the ovary down towards uterus

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43
Q

The cilia can move

A

Mucus or structures

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44
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

Fairly rare, two layers of columnar cells

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45
Q

Transitional epithelium is

A

Fairly rare, comes from lining the urinary bladder. Because the bladder will stretch and become stretched out or contract & become wrinkled the transitional epithelium tissue that lines that will change its shape. So you see some cells that look squamous on the surface and other cells that look more cuboidal, they are also in layers

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46
Q

Why do we call tissue transitional epithelium?

A

Because it changes form from one type to another

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47
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

At first cells can look like they are stratified because there are two layers or more of the nuclei, however each cell is continuous with the basement membrane out to the surface. This tissue also has cilia & the cells are columnar shaped. Lining of the trachea

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48
Q

The epithelial cells are fairly easy to recognize. How?

A

On one edge there will be tissue & on the other edge there will be an opening of free space. This is because they cover & line structures

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49
Q

Lines or covers internal & external body surfaces.

  • 3 shapes
  • Two types of layers
A

Epithelial tissue

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50
Q

Delicate, thin-gas exchange

A

Simple squamous

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51
Q

Tough, anti-abrasive coverings, rapid mitosis

A

Stratified squamous

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52
Q

Absorb & secrete. Found in small tubules

A

Simple cuboidal

53
Q

Change from cuboidal to squamous-line urinary passages

A

Transitional epithelium

54
Q

Absorb & secrete. Found in large tubules

A

Simple columnar

55
Q

In larger respiratory tubes

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

56
Q

How does connective tissue differ from other tissues?

A

It contains large amounts of intercellular matrix.

57
Q

There are a number of types of connective tissue, but all serve at least one of the following purposes…

A

To bond other tissues together, provide support, provide nourishment, store waste, or repair damaged tissue

58
Q

The four different kinds of connective tissue are

A
  • Connective tissue proper
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
  • Blood
59
Q

Connective tissues kind of do what?

A

Connect things, but not all of them are connective.

60
Q

Connective tissues are what type of cells?

A

Living cells that are suspended or embedded within a matrix

61
Q

A matrix is

A

The background material

62
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

In loose connective tissue, living cells, which would be dark dots, are surrounded by a non living matrix

63
Q

Why is it called loose connective tissue?

A

Because it gives a sense of being loose or open or airy

64
Q

Adipose tissue are

A

Fat cells

65
Q

Fat cells are a normal and

A

Necessary part of our cells

66
Q

Adipose tissue is easy to recognize because

A

They are very large open cells, the nucleus is squashed out to the edge because it is filled with lipid material or the fat or oil that you would find inside of those cells

67
Q

Dense regular connective tissue: Instead of being irregularly arranged it is

A

The protein fibers (collagen) are arranged regularly in regular rows. Dense tissue

68
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue:

A

Fibers are NOT parallel to one another, they are irregularly arranged

69
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage

70
Q

Hyaline Cartilage is

A

Fairly dense, it doesn’t move too much.

71
Q

How is hyaline cartilage easy to identify?

A

Because it looks like champagne bubbles going up through the matrix which have unidentified fibers in it

72
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Doesn’t mend very much. Has fibers that are easy to see in the matrix. The fibers are parallel arranged to one another & very dense

73
Q

Elastic cartilage have

A

Elastic fibers, which are little black short wiggly lines that make the cartilage be able to wiggle or stretch

74
Q

Bone connective tissue

A

Have osteocytes (bone cells) that are embedded in a very dense, hard, mineral matrix

75
Q

Bone tissue is layered around?

A

Central Canal

76
Q

What are embedded in a very solid matrix?

A

Osteocytes

77
Q

Blood connective tissue: Its matrix is

A

Liquid, the plasma of the blood.

78
Q

There are three types of cells embedded in the liquid matrix of blood connective tissue

A

1) Erythrocytes
2) Leukocytes
3) Thrombocytes (platelets)

79
Q

Common name for Erythrocytes

A

Red Blood Cells

80
Q

Common name for Leukocytes

A

White Blood Cells

81
Q

Common name for Thrombocytes

A

Platelets

82
Q

Support, protect & connect. Living cells in a non-living matrix

A

Connective tissue

83
Q

Irregularly arranged fibroblasts & fibers

A

Loose (Areolar)

84
Q

Thin fibers=

A

Elastin

85
Q

Thick fibers=

A

Collagen

86
Q

Fat cells

A

Adipose

87
Q

Osteocytes embedded in a solid mineral matrix

A

Bone connective tissue

88
Q

Liquid matrix-erythrocytes,leukocytes, & thrombocytes

A

Blood connective tissue

89
Q

Matrix for hyaline cartilage

A

Clear matrix

90
Q

Matrix for elastic cartilage

A

Matrix with thin (elastic) fibers

91
Q

Matrix for fibrocartilage

A

Matrix with thick (collagen) fibers

92
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Contractile tissue. It composes most of the “meat”of the body.

93
Q

There are three types of muscle

A
  • Skeletal-which is striated & voluntary
  • Cardiac- which is striated & involuntary
  • Smooth-non striated & involuntary
94
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Cilindricle looking cells. Very large, nucleus is pushed out to the edge of the cell, & the cells are not branching

95
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Parallel fibers that branch. Also very dark structures that are found at the ends of each of the cells called (intercalated discs)

96
Q

We recognize muscle tissue by

A

Having parallel fibers squared at the ends but also has intercalated discs, & the tissue is branched

97
Q

Smooth muscle tissue are

A

Long skinny cells that taper at both ends (kinda look like ground worms with pointed ends) a single nucleus in the center of each of the cells

98
Q

Smooth muscle tissue is found

A

In the organs

99
Q

Many of our internal organs will have

A

Smooth muscle tissue

100
Q

Contractile tissue- Cylindrical cells with evident nuclei

A

Muscle tissue

101
Q

Large, striated cells with multiple peripheral nuclei

A

Skeletal

102
Q

Small, striated cells with branches & intercalated discs

A

Cardiac

103
Q

Small, non striated cells with tapering ends

A

Smooth

104
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Found throughout the body. They receive & transmit stimuli by converting the stimulus whether chemical or physical in nature, into a nerve impulse conducted by neurons. Nervous tissue also transmits impulses from the brain to receptor organs in response to stimuli

105
Q

Nervous tissue is composed of

A

Neurons-conducting cells

Neuroglial cells- support neurons

106
Q

Neuron is composed of three major parts

A

1) Dendrites
2) Nerve cell body- central part
3) Axon-conducts message away from the cell body

107
Q

Neuroglia cell

A

Supportive cells, help support the neuron & its function, but they DON’T conduct an impulse themselves

108
Q

Conductive cells & supportive cells

A

Nervous tissue

109
Q

Conductive cell with dendrites, nerve cell body & axon

A

Neuron

110
Q

Supportive cells of neurons

A

Neuroglia

111
Q

Integumentary system includes the

A

Skin, hair, and nails

112
Q

The epidermis is the

A

Upper layer

113
Q

The dermis is

A

Connective tissues, blood, & nerve supply

114
Q

The 3 layers of the skin are

A

1) Epidermis
2) Dermis
3) Hypodermis

115
Q

They hypodermis is

A

Marked by adipose tissue

116
Q

The 5 stratums of the epidermis are

A

1) Stratum corneum
2) Stratum Lucidum
3) Stratum Granulosum
4) Stratum Spinosum
5) Stratum Basale (Germinativum)

117
Q

Cells that produce melanin are called

A

Melanocytes

118
Q

Which layer is mostly dead cells?

A

Stratum corneum

119
Q

The dermis is divided into two layers

A

Superficial papillary layer and a deeper reticular layer

120
Q

Recticular layer

A

Layer of the lower part of the dermis which makes up most of the dermis

121
Q

The hair, nails, and glands are all derived from the

A

Epidermal layer

122
Q

Which structure is known as the oil gland giving you oily skin?

A

Sebaceous glands

123
Q

The place where blood and nerves enter the hair is called

A

The hair papilla

124
Q

What does the arrector pili do?

A

Causes the hair to stand up

125
Q

Epy=

A

Above

126
Q

Hypy=

A

Below

127
Q

Eponychium=

A

Cuticle

128
Q

Hyponycium=

A

Region of thickened stratum corneum over which the free nail edge projects

Human Anatomy (50 decks)

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