Lab objectives for Oral 1 Flashcards
What is anatomical position and why is it used?
It is where the individual stands upright with feet parallel and flat on the floor. The head is level, and the eyes look forward the observer. The arms are at either side of the body with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body. By visualizing the body in anatomic position, all observers have a common point of reference when describing and discussing its regions
Anterior (Ventral) means
Toward front
Medial means
Toward midline
Superior means
Toward head
Inferior means
Away from the head
Lateral means
Toward the side
Posterior (dorsal) means
Toward rear
Proximal means
Closer to center than reference point
Distal means
Farther away than reference point
Superficial (external) means
Toward surface
Deep (internal) means
Away from surface
Section implies
An actual cut or slice to expose the internal anatomy
Plane implies
An imaginary flat surface passing through the body
What are the 3 major anatomic planes through the body?
1) Coronal plane
2) Transverse plane
3) Midsagittal plane
The coronal plane
Also called frontal plane, a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts
The transverse plane
Also called cross-sectional plane or horizontal plane, cuts perpendicularly along the axis of the body or organ. The body or organ is separated into both superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts, and the relationship of neighboring organs at a particular level is revealed
The midsagittal plane
Or median plane, extends through the body or organ vertically and divides the structure into right and left halves
Divides into left and right
Sagittal or midsagittal (medial)
Divides front and back
Coronal (frontal)
Divides into top and bottom
Transverse (horizontal)
The proximal/distal or only used on what
Appendages (arms,legs)
You can’t say something is distal without giving
A point of reference
What muscle separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
Diaphragm
The space between lungs is
Mediastinum
A subdivision of the thoracic cavity is
Mediastinum
Most organs have how many membranes around them?
2
Organ systems are
Groups of organs working together in a common/general function
What are the 4 tissues?
1) Epithelial tissue
2) Connective tissue
3) Muscle tissue
4) Nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue
Covers surfaces; lines insides of organs and body cavities
Connective tissue
Protects, binds together, and supports organs
Muscle tissue
Facilitates movement of skeleton or organ walls
Nervous tissue
Neurons:control activities, process information
Glial cells:Support and protect neurons
Abdominopelvic quadrants are
The four areas of the abdominopelvic cavity formed by passing one vertical and one horizontal plane through the umbilicus (navel)
Abdominopelvic regions are
The nine areas in the abdominopelvic cavity formed by two transverse planes and two sagittal planes
Auscultation is
A diagnostic method that involves listening to the sounds produced by various body structures
Homeostasis is
State of equilibrium, or constant internal environment in the body
Palpation is
Using the hands to detect organs, masses, or infiltration of a body part during a physical examination
Percussion is
When you tap on the body and look for residence of an organ, you can tell about internal injuries
Reflex response is
When you tap on certain parts of the body looking for certain responses. Used to test for nerve or muscle damage
The taxonomy of humans
1) Kingdom-Animalia
2) Phylum-Chordata
3) Class-Mammalia
4) Order- Primates
5) Family-Hominidae
6) Genus-Homo
7) Species-sapiens
The characteristics of mammals are
Hair at some point in the life cycle and mammary glands
Levels of organization from smallest to largest
1) Cellular
2) Tissue
3) Organ
4) Organ system
5) Organism
What are the types of body cavities
1) Posterior (dorsal) cavity-lined with meninges
* Cranial cavity-encloses the brain
* Vertebral cavity-encloses the spinal cord
2) Anterior (ventral) cavity
* Thoracic cavity-above the diaphragm
* Pleural cavity (lungs)-lined with parietal pleura and visceral pleura
* Pericardial cavity (surrounds the heart)-parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium
* Mediastinum-space the heart occupies
3) Abdominopelvic cavity-below the diaphragm-lined with peritoneum-parietal and visceral
* Abdominal cavity (digest organs)
* Pelvic cavity (urinary and reproductive organs)
Chordates have
1) Hollow, dorsal nerve cord
2) Notochord
3) Pharyngeal pouches
4) Post-anal tail
Cervical
Neck region
Thorax
Between neck and abs
Mammory
Breast region
Sternal
Sternum region
Vertebral
Spinal column region
Abdominal
Abdomen
Pubic
Pubic region
Lumbar
lower back
Sacral
Above butt crack
Gluteal
Butt region
Brachium
Upper arms
Cubital
Elbow region
Antebrachium
Lower arm region
Manus
Hand
Thigh
Thigh
Patellar
Kneecap
popliteal fossa
Back of knee
Leg
Lower leg
Axillary
Arm pit region
Both the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are lined with what
Serous membranes, which are composed of two layers
What lines the internal surface of the body wall
A parietal layer
What covers the external surface of organs within the cavity
A visceral layer
Between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous membrane is a thin
Serous cavity that is actually a potential space
The pericardium membrane is
Two layered serous membrane that encloses the heart
The pleura membrane is
Two layered serous membrane that lines the lungs
The peritoneum membrane is
A moist two-layered serous membrane, lines the abdominopelvic cavity
The mesentary membrane is
Double layer of peritoneum, that invests the intestines, attaching them to the posterior wall of the abdomen
The greater omentum is
Large fold of visceral peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach
The lesser omentum is
A double layer of peritoneum that extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the start of the duodenum
Function of mesentary is
To hold intestines in place
