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Human Anatomy > Exam 3 Part two > Flashcards

Exam 3 Part two Flashcards

1
Q

The external ear is composed of?

A

Auricle (pinna)
External auditory meatus (canal)
Tympanic membrane (ear drum)

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2
Q

The middle ear is composed of?

A

Middle ear cavity
Middle ear ossicles-Malleus, incus, stapes
Middle ear muscles-Tensor tympani, stapedius
Oval window (receives stapes
Round window (releases pressure)
Auditory(eustachian tube)

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3
Q

The inner ear is composed of?

A

Bony capsule=osseus labyrinth

Tubular sac=membranous labyrinth

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4
Q

Fluid of the inner ear are

A

Endolymph

Perilymph

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5
Q

Vessel that carries blood away from the heart

A

Artery

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6
Q

Vessel that carries blood to the heart

A

Vein

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7
Q

Pumped to the right side of the heart

A

Pulmonary circuit

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8
Q

Carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

A

Arteries

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9
Q

Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

A

Veins

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10
Q

Pumped by the left side of the heart

A

Systemic circuit

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11
Q

Carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the organ system

A

Arteries

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12
Q

Carry deoxygenated blood from the organ systems to the heart

A

Veins

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13
Q

Supplies the pulmonary & systemic circuits

A

Double pump

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14
Q

3 layers of the heart

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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15
Q

Cavity and membranes of the heart

A

Pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium
Mediastinum

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16
Q

What are the 5 changes that take place after birth?

A

1) Ductus arteriosus- ligamentum arteriosum
2) Ductus venosus- ligamentum venosum
3) Foramen ovale- fossa ovalis
4) Umbilical areteries- umbilical ligaments
5) Umbilical vein- round ligament

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17
Q

Extrinsic eye muscles

A

Often called extraocular muscles, move the eyes. Termed extrinsic because they origninate w/in the orbit & insert onto the white outer surface of the eye (sclera). Six extrinsic eye muscles; the rectus muscles (medial, lateral, inferior, & superior) and the oblique muscles (inferior & superior)

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18
Q

The medial rectus attaches to the

A

Anteromedial surface of the eye and pulls the eye medially (adducts the eye). Innervated by the CN III (Oculomotor nerve)

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19
Q

Lateral rectus

A

Attaches to the anterolateral surface of the eye and pulls the eye laterally (abducts the eye). Innervated by CN VI (abducens)

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20
Q

The inferior rectus

A

Attaches to the anteroinferior part of the sclera. Pulls the eye inferiorly (as when you look down) & medially (as when you look at your nose). Innervated by CN III

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21
Q

The superior rectus

A

Located superiorly & attaches to the anterosuperior part of the sclera. Pulls the eye superiorly (when you look up) & medially (as when you look at your nose). Innervated by CN III (oculomotor nerve)

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22
Q

The oblique eye muscles originate from within the

A

Orbit & insert on the posterolateral part of the sclera of the eye

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23
Q

The inferior oblique

A

Elevates the eye & turns the eye laterally. Innervated by CN III (Oculomotor nerve)

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24
Q

The superior oblique

A

Depresses the eye and turns the eye laterally. Passes through a pulleylike loop, called the trochlea, in the anteromedial orbit. Attaches to the superior posterior part of the eye, so contracting this muscle pulls the posterior part of the eye superiorly (but depresses the anterior surface of the eye). Innervated by CN IV (Trochlear)

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25
Q

Neural tunic

A

Also called retina or internal tunic.

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26
Q

General function of the retina

A

The retina is the photo receptive sensory layer of the back of the eye (that covers about 65 percent of its interior surface), where the optics of the eye focuses an image of what is in front of the eye. The optic nerve carries signals from the retina to the brain, which interprets them as visual images. The retina has two types of cells the rods and cones. The cones are responsible for color vision while the rods provide black and white and night vision

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27
Q

Very light sensitive (night vision); but supplies grainy images & they do not distinguish between colors (black & white)


A

Rods

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28
Q

supply us with color perception & sharper, clearer images; but requires adequate light levels to function; three kinds of cones

A

Cones

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29
Q

Interpretation of sight is where?

A

Occipital lobes of cerebrum

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30
Q

Suspensory ligaments



A

Holds the lens in place

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31
Q

Contraction of ciliary muscles =

A

Relaxation of ligaments

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32
Q

Secrete cerumen (ear wax) which slows the growth of bacteria and traps dirt

A

Ceruminous glands

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33
Q

Role of the auditory canal

A

Equalize pressure to the middle ear

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34
Q

The inner ear has

A

Cochlea, vestibule and semi-circular canals

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35
Q

Hepatic=

A

liver

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36
Q

Renal=

A

Kidney

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37
Q

Gastric=

A

Stomach

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38
Q

Mesenteric =

A

Mesenteries ( intestines)

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39
Q

Splenic=

A

Spleen

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40
Q

Brachio=

A

Arm

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41
Q

Cephalic=

A

Head

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42
Q

Femoral=

A

Upper leg

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43
Q

Iliac=

A

Loin

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44
Q

Subclavian=

A

Below clavicle

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45
Q

Axillary=

A

Armpit

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46
Q

Pulmonary=

A

Lung

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47
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

Accelerates the original process, either to ensure that the pathway continues to run or the speed up its activities. Only a few of these feedback loops occur in the human body

48
Q

An example of a positive feedback loop is

A

The process of milk release from the mammory glands

49
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Ductless organs that secrete their molecular products directly into the bloodstream. All endocrine cells are located w/in highly vascularized areas to ensure that their products enter the bloodstream immediately

50
Q

Endocrine v. other glands?

A

Ductless, direct into blood stream, hormones

51
Q

Pancreas, Insulin and Blood Sugar levels are an example of what kind of feedback loop?

A

Negative

52
Q

Steroids are derived from what common

molecule?

A

Cholesterol

53
Q

The anterior & posterior Pituitary produce

how many hormones each?

A

7&0…why zero? FLATMPGAO

54
Q

What is the “control center”?

A

The hypothalamus

55
Q

General Characteristics of the Endocrine System

A
  1. endocrine glands secrete hormones.
    A. secreted into the bloodstream
    B. affects “target” cell.
56
Q

Steroid

A

Derived from cholesterol; secreted mostly by reproductive organs and adrenal cortex

57
Q

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

A
  1. homeostasis
  2. Glands are effectors
  3. endocrine glands
58
Q

Amines

A

Amino acid derivatives & thus small; thyroid hormones & melatonin from the pineal gland are examples

59
Q

Polypeptide & protein

A

String of amino acids too large to pass through cell membranes. Most hormones are “peptide hormones”
e.g.-ALL pituitary hormones

60
Q

What are the 3 influences of the hypothalamus as a control center?

A

1) Hormones stimulate the anterior pituitary-FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, MSH, PRL, GH
2) Posterior pituitary hormones are actually made by the hypothalamus-ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) & oxytocin Travel down the axons in the infundibulum to be released by the posterior pituitary
3) Hypothalamus stimulates the Adrenal Medulla (neural)

61
Q

Master control center of the endocrine system, regulates most endocrine activity

A

Hypothalamus

62
Q

Infundibulum

A

Connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus. Extends from the base of the hypothalamus at the median eminence

63
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

Most of the pituitary gland is composed of this. Also called adenohypophysis. Part of the pituitary gland that both produces & secretes hormones. Partitioned into 3 areas; pars distal is, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis

64
Q

The pituitary gland is controlled by the

A

Hypothalamus. Nervous and endocrine systems combined

65
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

(Neurohypophysis) is the neural part of the pituitary gland because it was derived from nervous tissue at the base of the diencephalon. Composed of a rounded lobe called the pars nervosa & the infundibular stalk (infundibulum).

66
Q

The thyroid gland

A

Largest gland entirely devoted to endocrine activities. located inferior to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx & anterior to the trachea. Covered by connective tissue capsule. Exhibits a butterfly shape.

67
Q

The parathyroid gland

A

Located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. Usually 4 small nodules.

68
Q

Hypothalamus location, hormones, & basic function

A

Location

69
Q
  • Parathormone

* Increase Ca++ in blood

A

Parathyroid

70
Q
  • Numerous hormones

* Immune response

A

Thymus

71
Q
  • Adrenalin (epinephrine)
  • Noradrenalin (norepinephrine)
  • Corticosteroids
A

Adrenal

72
Q
  • Insulin
  • Glucagon
  • Glucose balance
A

Pancreas

73
Q
  • Ovaries and Testes
  • Sex Hormones
  • Estrogen, Progesterone & Testosterone
A

Gonads

74
Q

Change stimulus into action potential

A

Transducers

75
Q

Receptors interpret

A

Stimuli

76
Q

What are the separate origins of the anterior pituitary glands?

A

1) The pars distalis
2) Pars intermedia
3) Pars tuberalis

77
Q

The pars distalis is

A

The large anterior portion of the anterior pituitary

78
Q

The pars intermedia is

A

A thin scant region between the pars distalis & the posterior pituitary

79
Q

The pars tuberalis is

A

A thin wrapping around the infundibular stalk

80
Q

What are the separate origins of the posterior pituitary glands?

A

1) Pars nervosa

2) Infundibular stalk (infundibulum)

81
Q

Pars nervosa is

A

Round lobe part of the posterior pituitary

82
Q

The infundibular stalk is

A

An elongated funnel-shaped structure that connects the hypothalamus with the pituitary gland

83
Q

Types of receptors (origin)

A

1) Exteroceptors
2) Interoceptors
3) Proprioceptors

84
Q

Exteroceptors are

A

Skin receptors & special senses that supply information about the outside world; located near body surface

85
Q

Interceptors

A

Monitors conditions inside the body (i.e., internal organs)

86
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Monitors body position (joints & muscles)

87
Q

Types of receptors (stimulus)

A

1) Mechanoreceptors
2) Thermoreceptors
3) Baroreceptors
4) Chemoreceptors
5) Photoreceptors
6) Nociceptors

88
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Triggered by physical distortion

89
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Respond to changes in temperature-free nerve endings

90
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Pressure within organs

91
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Respond to the presence of specific molecules- sense of smell (olfactory) & taste (gustatory)

92
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Respond to changes in visible light energy

93
Q

Nociceptors

A

(or pain receptors): respond to extremes in temperature, mechanical damage & chemicals; free nerve endings

94
Q

Felt in another part of body

A

Referred pain

95
Q

The most superficial sensory receptors of the skin.
Can be associated with hair follicles
root hair plexus

A

Free nerve endings

96
Q

What is the difference between encapsulated and unencapsulated nerve endings?

A

Unencapsulated nerve endings are dendrites without a connective tissue wrapping. Encapsulated nerve endings are dendrites wrapped in glial cells or connective tissue.

97
Q

Encapsulated endings are

A

Dendrites wrapped in glial cells or connective tissue

98
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. Two types of cells in the parathyroid gland; chief cells & oxyphill cells.

99
Q

Adrenal cortex exhibits

A

A yellow color as a consequence of the stored lipids in its cells. Its cells synthesize more than 25 diff. steroid hormones (corticosteroids). Partitioned into 3 regions; zona glomerulosa,zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

100
Q

The zona glomerulosa in the adrenal cortex is a

A

Thin, outer cortical layer composed of dense, spherical clusters of cells. Synthesize mineralocorticoids

101
Q

The zona fasciculata is the

A

Middle layer & the largest region of the adrenal cortex. Composed of parallel cords of lipid-rich cells. Synthesizes glucocorticoids

102
Q

The zona reticularis is the

A

Narrrow band of small, branching cells. Capable of secreting minor amounts of sex hormones called gonadocorticoids. Secrete androgens

103
Q

The adrenal medulla is

A

Forms the inner core of each adrenal gland. Consists of clusters of spherical cells called chromaffin cells.

104
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone: source, target, effects

A

Source: Thyrotropic cells of pars distalis (pituitary gland)
Hormone target: Thyroid gland
Effect: Stimulates thyroid hormone synthesis & secretion

105
Q

Prolactin: source, target, effect

A

Source: Mammotropic cells of pars distalis (pituitary gland)
Hormone target: Receptors on organs throughout the body, female: mammary glands, male: interstitial cells in testes
Effect: female: Stimulates milk production in mammary glands
Male: May play a role in the sensitivity of the interstitial cells to LH

106
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): Source, target, effect

A

Source: Corticotropic cells of pars distalis (pituitary gland)
Hormone target: adrenal cortez
Effect: Stimulates production of corticosteroid hormones

107
Q

Growth hormone: source, target, effect

A

Source: Somatotropic cells of pars distalis (pituitary gland)
Hormone target: almost every cell in the body
Effect: Stimulates increased growth & metabolism in target cells; stimulates syntheiss of somatomedin in the liver to stimulate growth at epiphyseal plate

108
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone: source, target, effect

A

Source: Gonadotropic cells of pars distalis (pituitary gland)
Hormone target: ovaries, testes
Effect: Stimulates growth of ovarian follicles, sperm production

109
Q

leutinizing hormone: source, target, effect

A

Source: Gonadotropic cells of pars distalis (pituitary gland)
Hormone target: Ovaries, testes
Effect: Stimulates ovulation, estrogen & progesteron synthesis in corpus luteum of ovary, stimulates androgen synthesis in testes

110
Q

Melanocyte stimulating hormone: Source, target, effect

A

Source: Cells of par intermedia (pituitary gland)
Hormone target: Melanocytes
Effect: Stimulates synthesis of melanin & dispersion of melanin granules in epidermal cells

111
Q

Melatonin

A

Hormone whose production tends to be cyclic. Increases at night & decreases during the day. Helps regulate a circadian rhythm (24 hour body clock)

112
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Day-night cycles. Referred to as the “body clock”, a 24-hour cycle that rules us all. This internal body clock is affected by external forces, such as sun rise and time zones. And when one’s circadian rhythm is disrupted, sleeping and eating patterns can run amok

113
Q

Thyroid hormone: source, target, effect

A

Source: Follicular cells of thyroid gland
Hormone target: Most body cells
Effect: Increases metabolism, O2 use, growth, & energy use; supports & increases rate of development

114
Q

Calcitonin: source, target, effect

A

Source: Parafollicular cells of thyroid gland
Hormone target: Bone, kidney
Effect: Reduces calcium levels in body fluids; decreases bone resorption & increases calcium deposition in bone

115
Q

Parathyroid hormone; source, target, effect

A

Source: Chief cells of parathyroid gland
Hormone target: Bone, small intestine, kidney
Effect: Increase Ca++ levels in blood through bone resorption; increases Ca++ absorption by small intestine by calcitriol; decreases Ca++ loss through the kidneys

Human Anatomy (50 decks)

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