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Human Anatomy > Exam 2 Part one > Flashcards

Exam 2 Part one Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle fiber

A

Skeletal muscle cells are referred to as muscle fibers because of their length. All muscle tissue is composed of muscle cells & exhibits certain common properties: excitability, contractility, elasticity, extensibility

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2
Q

Fascicles are

A

Each skeletal muscle is composed of fascicles, which are bundles of muscle fibers

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3
Q

Endomysium

A

The innermost connective tissue layer. It surrounds & electrically insulates each muscle fiber. Has reticular fibers to help bind together neigboring muscle fibers

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4
Q

Perimysium

A

Surrounds the fascicles. Dense irregular connective tissue sheath. It contains arrays of blood vessels & nerves that branch to supply each individual fascicle

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5
Q

Epimysium

A

A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole skeletal muscle

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6
Q

Tendon is

A

Connective tissue layers merge to form fibrous tendon at the ends of the muscle, which attaches the muscle to bone, skin or another muscle. Usually have a thick cordlike structure

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7
Q

Aponeurosis is

A

When tendons form a thin, flattened sheet

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8
Q

Origin

A

Upon contraction, one muscle moves, while the other remains fixed. The less mobile attachment of a muscle is called it’s origin

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9
Q

Insertion is

A

The more mobile attachment of a muscle

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10
Q

Usually the insertion of a muscle is pulled towards?

A

The origin

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11
Q

Sarcolemma is

A

Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber. Surrounds muscle fiber and regulates entry and exit of materials

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12
Q

Transverse (T) Tubules are

A

Deep invaginations of the sarcolemma that extend into the sarcoplasm a of the skeletal muscle fibers as a network of narrow membranous tubules. Quickly transport a muscle impulse from the sarcolemma throughout the entire muscle fiber

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13
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Internal membrane complex. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Stores calcium ions needed for muscle contraction

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14
Q

Terminal cisternae

A

Expanded ends of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that are in contact with the transverse tubules. Site of calcium ion release to promote muscle contraction

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15
Q

Triad

A

Together, the two terminal cisternae and the centrally placed T-tubule form a structure called a triad

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16
Q

Satellite cells

A

When some myoblasts do not fuse with muscle fibers during development, they remain in adult skeletal muscle tissue as satellite cells

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17
Q

When are satellite cells useful?

A

If a skeletal muscle is injured, some satellite cells may be stimulated to differentiate & assist in its repair & regeneration

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18
Q

Myofilaments are

A

Myofibrils consists of bundles of short myofilaments. It takes many successive groupings of myofilaments to run the entire length of a myofibril

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19
Q

The bundles of myofilaments are classified as?

A

Thin myofilaments (thin filaments) & thick myofilaments (thick filaments)

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20
Q

Thick filaments are

A

Fine protein myofilament composed of bundles of myosin. They bind to thin filament & cause contraction

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21
Q

Thin filaments are

A

Fine protein myofilament composed of actin, troponin, & tropomyosin. The thick filaments bind to it & cause contraction

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22
Q

Actin is?

A

A double-stranded contractile protein. Binding site for myosin to shorten a sarcomere

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23
Q

Tropomyosin is

A

Double stranded regulatory protein. Covers the active sites on actin, preventing myosin from binding to actin when muscle fiber is at rest

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24
Q

Troponin is

A

Regulatory protein that holds tropomyosin in place & anchors to actin. When calcium ions bind to one of its subunits, troponin changes shape, causing the tropomyosin to move off the actin active site, this permits myosin binding to actin

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25
Q

Myosin is

A

Thick filaments are assembled from bundles of the protein myosin. Each myosin molecule in a thick filament consists of 2 strands; each strand has a free globular head & an attached, elongated tail. The myosin molecules are oriented on either end of the thick filament so the long tails point toward the center of the filament & the heads toward the edges & project outward toward the surrounding thin filaments

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26
Q

Cross-bridges are formed when?

A

During a contraction, myosin heads form cross bridges by binding thick filaments to actin in the thin filaments

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27
Q

A bands are

A

Dark bands. Contain the entire thick filament.

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28
Q

At either end of a thick filament is?

A

A light band region occupied by thin filaments that extend into the A band between the stacked thick filaments

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29
Q

I bands are

A

Light bands. Contain thin filaments but no thick filaments. They have protein filaments called titin

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30
Q

Z line

A

Also called Z disc. A thin transverse protein structure in the center of the I band that serves as an attachment site for thin filament ends

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31
Q

H zoned is

A

Also called the h band. A light, central region in the A band. Lighter shaded because only thick filaments are present. At maximal contraction, the thin filaments are pulled into this zone, and the H zone disappears

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32
Q

Dark band

A

Called the A bands

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33
Q

Light bands

A

Called the I bands

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34
Q

Sarcomere is

A

The functional contractile unit of a skeletal muscle fiber. Defined as the distance from one z disc to the next adjacent z disc

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35
Q

Sliding filament theory is

A

When a muscle contracts, thick and thin filaments slide past each other, and the sarcomere shortens

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36
Q

Neuromuscular junction is

A

The point where a motor neuron meets a skeletal muscle fiber

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37
Q

Motor neuron activity stimulates what?

A

Skeletal muscle contraction

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38
Q

What are the components of a neuromuscular junction?

A

1) Synaptic knob
2) Synaptic vesicle
3) Acetylcholine (ACh)
4) Motor end plate
5) Synaptic cleft
6) ACh receptors
7) Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

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39
Q

Motor end plate is

A

Specialized region of the sarcolemma. Has folds & indentations to increase membrane surface area covered by the synaptic knob

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40
Q

Synaptic knob is

A

Of the neuron is an expanded tip of an axon. When it nears the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber, it expands further to cover a large surface area of the sarcolemma. A nerve impulse travels through the axon to the synaptic knob

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41
Q

Synaptic cleft is

A

A narrow space separating the synaptic knob & the motor end plate

42
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh) is

A

Molecules of the neurotransmitter that are housed within synaptic vesicles (small membrane sacs) that are housed in the synaptic knob cytoplasm

43
Q

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is

A

An enzyme which resides in the synaptic cleft. It rapidly breaks down molecules of ACh that are released into the synaptic cleft

44
Q

AChE is need so that?

A

ACh will not continuously stimulate the muscle

45
Q

Motor unit is

A

Composed of a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it controls. Typically controls only some of the muscle fibers in an entire muscle

46
Q

All or none principle

A

States that a muscle fiber either contracts completely or does not contract at all.

47
Q

Myoglobin is

A

Red pigment. A globular, oxygen binding, reddish-appearing protein that is structurally related to hemoglobin

48
Q

Hemoglobin is

A

The oxygen binding protein in erythrocytes

49
Q

Anaerobic is

A

A metabolic reaction that does NOT require oxygen

50
Q

What is required for the production of the maximum amount of ATP?

A

Oxygen

51
Q

What happens during muscle atrophy?

A

A wasting of tissue that results in a reduction in muscle size, tone, & power

52
Q

What happens during hypertrophy?

A

An increase in muscle fiber size. An increase in the number of myofibrils per fiber in fast fibers

53
Q

Why might atrophy be permanent?

A

When extreme atrophy occurs, the loss of gross muscle function is permanent

54
Q

Sphincter (circular)

A

The muscle fibers are concentrically arranged around an opening or recess. Called a sphincter because contraction of the muscle closes off the opening

55
Q

Parallel muscle (shape)

A

The fascicles run parallel to its long axis. Each muscle fiber exhibits the functional characteristics of the entire parallel muscle. They have central body called the belly or gaster

56
Q

Transmits motor information

A

Motor nervous system

57
Q

Makes myelin sheaths in CNS

A

Oligodendrocyte

58
Q

Stain darkly with basic dyes

A

Chromatophilic substance

59
Q

Side branches of axons

A

Collaterals

60
Q

Respond to CNS infection

A

Microglial cells

61
Q

Neurons with multiple dendrites

A

Multipolar neurons

62
Q

Sensory to motor neuron communication

A

Interneuron

63
Q

Uses a neurotransmittter

A

Chemical synapse

64
Q

Neuron part that usually receives incoming impulses

A

Dendrite

65
Q

Skeletal muscle fiber

A

Effector

66
Q

The cell body of a mature neuron does not contain

A

A centriole

67
Q

Neurons that have only two processes attached to the cell body are called?

A

Bipolar

68
Q

Which neurons are located ONLY within the CNS?

A

Unipolar neurons

69
Q

A structure or cell that collects sensory information is a?

A

Receptor

70
Q

The glial cells that help produce CSF in the CNS are?

A

Ependymal cells

71
Q

Is the neurolemmocyte a part of the CNS?

A

No

72
Q

Which of these cells transmits, transfers, & processes a nerve impulse?

a) Neurolemmocyte
b) Astrocyte
c) Neuron
d) Oligodendrocyte

A

Neuron

73
Q

Slow fibers

A

1) Small in diameter
2) Contract slowly
3) Specialized to continue contracting for extended periods of time
4) Vascular supply more extensive than network of capillaries around fast fibers
5) Supply of nutrients & O2 increased
6) Called red fibers because they contain red pigmented myoglobin
7) Resting slow fibers contain O2 reserves that can be used during contraction to provide needed ATP
8) Large # of mitochondria which permits them to produce more ATP than fast fibers while contracting, making it less dependent on anaerobic metabolism
9) Requires O2 to produce ATP
10) Metabolic reactions termed aerobic

74
Q

Intermediate fibers

A

1) Exhibit properties that are between slow & fast fibers
2) Contract faster than slow & slower than fast fibers
3) Resemble fast fibers
4) Greater resistance to fatigue
5) Require O2 to produce ATP
6) Aerobic

75
Q

Fast fibers

A

1) Large in diameter
2) Contain large glycogen reserves
3) Densely packed myofibrils
4) Few mitochondria
5) Called white fibers because they are pale in color due to lack of myogloblin
6) Majority of skeletal muscle fibers in the body are fast
7) Fast because of their contraction
8) Produce powerful contractions because of the large amount of sarcomeres
9) Contractions uses vast quantity of ATP
10) Primary activity supported by Anaerobic metabolic reactions
11) Fatigue rapidly

76
Q

Considering “the all-or-none” rule of muscle contraction, how is it that we are able to have smooth and refined body movements?

A

.

77
Q

What are the various functions of the muscular system?

A

1) Body Movement
2) Maintenance of Posture
3) Temperature Regulation
4) Storage and movement of Materials
5) support
6) Respiration due to movements of the muscles of the thorax
7) Heartbeat (muscle contraction)

78
Q

Neuromuscluar fatigue

A

Decreased levels of Ach

79
Q

What stimulates skeletal muscle contraction?

A

The motor neuron activity

80
Q

When does muscle contraction begin?

A

Begins when a nerve impulse stimulates an impulse in a muscle fiber

81
Q

Each muscle fiber is controlled by?

A

One motor neuron

82
Q

The motor neuron transmits the effect of a nerve impulse to the muscle fiber at a?

A

Neuromuscular junction

83
Q

Thin filaments are

A

1) Primarily composed of two strands of the protein actin

2) Two regulatory proteins, tropomyosin & troponin

84
Q

The tropomyosin (protein) molecule in the thin filaments are

A

A short, thin, twisted filament that covers small sections of the actin strands

85
Q

The troponin protein in the thin filament of the sarcomere has 3 functions

A

1) Structurally, it attaches to actin to anchor itself in place
2) Attaches to tropomyosin to hold it in place over the surface of the actin
3) Functionally, it provides a binding site for calcium ions

86
Q

Thick filaments are

A

1) Twice size as thin filaments

2) Assembled from bundles of the protein myosin

87
Q

Myosin in the thick filament of a sarcomere consists of?

A

Two strands; each strand has a free, globular head & an attached, elongated tail. The tails point toward the center of the filament & the head toward the edge & project outward. During contraction the heads form cross bridges by binding thick filaments to actin in the thin filaments

88
Q

A bands are

A

Dark bands, contain entire thick filament

89
Q

I bands are

A

Light region, contain thin filaments (no thick). Also contain protein filaments called titin

90
Q

Titin found in the I band of a sarcomere plays a role in…

A

Muscle elasticity & control of thick filament assembly, & passive stiffness generated in the muscle

91
Q

What are the 3 types of skeletal muscle fiber

A

1) Slow (Type I slow oxidative)
2) Intermediate (type II-A, fast aerobic)
3) Fast (Type I-B, fast anaerobic)

92
Q

The epineurium is

A

A thick, dense irregular connective tissue layer enclosing the nerve

93
Q

Has nuclei for CN III & CN IV

A

Mesencephalon

94
Q

Autonomic centers for heart rate & respiration

A

Medulla oblongata

95
Q

Dura mater fold between cerebral hemispheres

A

Falx cerebri

96
Q

Innervates most thoracic/abdominal organs

A

Vagus nerve

97
Q

Contains the motor speech area

A

Frontal lobe

98
Q

Contains the primary auditory cortex

A

Temporal lobe

99
Q

Innervates lateral rectus

A

Abducens nerve

100
Q

Responsible for involuntary arm swinging

A

Cerebral nuclei

101
Q

Visual reflex centers

A

Superior colliculi

102
Q

Sensory information relay center

A

Thalamus

Human Anatomy (50 decks)

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