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Human Anatomy > Lab oral #5 > Flashcards

Lab oral #5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the anatomical types of neurons-based upon the number of process attached to cell body

A

1) Unipolar (Pseudounipolar)
2) Bipolar
3) Multipolar

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2
Q

Unipolar (Pseudounipolar) is

A

Based upon the number of processes attached to cell body

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3
Q

Bipolar is

A

One axon and one dendrite (Special sensory neurons)

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4
Q

Multipolar is

A

One axon and several dendrites (Motor neurons)

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5
Q

Functional types of neurons-based upon relationship with the CNS

A

1) Sensory (Afferent)
2) Motor (Efferent)
3) Interneuron (Associate)

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6
Q

Carry impulses into CNS

A

Sensory (Afferent)

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7
Q

Carry impulses away from the CNS

A

Motor (Efferent)

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8
Q

Carry impulses within the CNS

A

Interneuron (Associate)

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9
Q

Name the different neuroglia cells

A

1) Astrocytes (CNS)
2) Oligodendroctyes (CNS)
3) Microglia (CNS)
4) Ependymal cells (CNS)
5) Neurolemmocyte (PNS)
6) Satellite cells (PNS)

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10
Q

Name the 4 types of neuroglia cells that are located in the CNS

A

1) Astrocytes
2) Oligodendrocytes
3) Microglia
4) Ependymal cells

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11
Q

Name the two types of neuroglia cells that are located in the PNS

A

1) Neurolemmocyte

2) Satellite cells

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12
Q

Astrocytes are

A

Large, branching cells that form the blood-brain barrier

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13
Q

Oligodendrocytes are

A

Cells with few branches that form myelin

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14
Q

Microglia are

A

Tiny cells with complex branches and are phagocytes

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15
Q

Ependymal cells are

A

Ciliated & secrete the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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16
Q

Neurolemmocyte are

A

Myelin producing

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17
Q

Satellite cells are

A

Isolate and nourish cell bodies in ganglion

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18
Q

What are the nerve connective tissue coverings (PNS)

A
  • Epineurium
  • Perineurium
  • Endoneurium
  • Fascicles
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19
Q

Connective tissue coverings of CNS

A

Meninges

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20
Q

What are the different Meninges (connective tissue coverings of the CNS) from external to internal

A

1) Dura mater-tough outer cover
2) Arachnoid membrane- weblike & enclosing the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
3) Pia mater- delicate inner, vascular membrane that adheres to the CNS

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21
Q

The nervous system is divided into two main sections which are the

A

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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22
Q

What is in the CNS?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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23
Q

What is in the PNS?

A

Everything else; all the things outside the brain and spinal cord; the spinal nerves, cranial nerves & the peripheral nerves that go to other parts of the body

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24
Q

The two anatomical divisions of the nervous system are?

A

Central & peripheral nervous system because it has to do with with where those structures are

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25
Q

The basic unit that conducts impulses and thus carries messages throughout the body

A

The neuron

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26
Q

A typical neuron is composed of

A

3 main parts; the cell body, the dendrites, and the axon

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27
Q

The dendrites conduct

A

Impulses towards the cell body

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28
Q

The cell body contains most of the cellular parts including

A

The nucleus and all of the anatomy that is needed to keep the cell alive and functioning

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29
Q

The axon carries impulses

A

Away from the cell body

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30
Q

Within the cell body is

A

The nucleus and the chromatophilic bodies

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31
Q

The chromatophilic bodies are

A

Large numbers of free and attached ribosomes that stain darkly on real neurons

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32
Q

The many ribosomes are important in producing

A

Proteins int he active neuron

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33
Q

Neurons are very active and proteins are an important part of

A

That activity

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34
Q

Within the axons are

A

Neurofibrils

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35
Q

Neurofibrils are

A

Bundles of microtubules that serve to make the axon stronger, it is less likely to break because of the neurofibrils

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36
Q

Wrapped around the axon are

A

Neuroglial cells called neurolemmocytes (Schwann Cells)

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37
Q

The whole neurolemmocyte cell is called a

A

Neurolemmocyte and the outer portion is called the neurilemma

38
Q

The neurilemma contains

A

The nucleus and most of the cells contents

39
Q

The basic unit that conducts impulses & thus carries messages throughout the body

A

The neuron

40
Q

Another part of the neurolemmocyte is wrapped tightly around the axon & is called the

A

Myelin sheath

41
Q

A typical neuron is composed of 3 main parts

A

1) Cell body
2) Dendrites
3) Axon

42
Q

The neurofibril node is a small gap between the adjacent

A

Neurolemmocytes

43
Q

Neurofibril nodes are very important in

A

High speed conduction

44
Q

Most sensory neurons are?

A

Unipolar

45
Q

These neurons are rare & found only in few places in the body. For example in the retina during sight, during vision

A

Bipolar

46
Q

This neuron has many processes coming off the cell body

A

Multipolar

47
Q

Most common types of neurons are the

A

Multipolar & are usually the motor neurons

48
Q

These conduct impulses but cannot maintain themselves on their own they need helper cells

A

Neurons

49
Q

These cells are found associated with ganglion & seem to surround the cell bodies & provide insulation & maybe some protection

A

Satellite cells (PNS)

50
Q

These cells connect blood vessels to neurons; they are the blood-brain barrier; they are the barrier between the blood system & the brain; they connect the blood system to the nervous system of the brain. Important cells, without them there would not be nutrients coming from the blood system into the brain, nor would you have hormone communication to the brain

A

Astrocytes (CNS)

51
Q

The cells produce & circulate fluid in the central nervous system. This fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Ependymal cells (CNS)

52
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is in the

A

CNS & produced by the ependymal cells

53
Q

These cells move about & remove cellular garbage from the CNS. Sort of like macrophages of the WBCs

A

Microglial (CNS)

54
Q

These cells produce the myelin sheath of the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

55
Q

These cells produce the myeline sheath of the PNS

A

Neurolemmocytes

56
Q

A nerve is

A

A bundle of many axons running parallel to one another, these many axons are covered with connective tissues to hold them together

57
Q

What are the connective tissues for nerves

A

Neuriums

58
Q

The axon of a nerve is covered with?

A

Endoneurium

59
Q

The bundles of axons are called?

A

Fascicles that are surrounded by connective tissue called the perineurium

60
Q

The whole nerve is covered by connective tissue called

A

Epineurium

61
Q

The connective tissues covering the brain & spinal cord are called

A

Meninges

62
Q

A serious disease occurs when (meninges) membranes become irritated or infected which is called? If it infects the spinal cord it is called?

A

Meningitis

spinal cord: Spinal meningitis

63
Q

A tracing is an

A

Exercises in which you have to follow the pathway that some anatomical process may take

64
Q

What is RSIME?

A 
Receptor
Sensory neuron
Interneuron
Motor neuron
Effector
65
Q

A stimulus in a reflex arc travels

A

Up the arm through sensory neuron to the spinal cord where there is an interneuron which connects it to the motor neuron and then the motor neuron running back down the arm to the muscle which is the effector organ. The brain is not involved in this

66
Q

Gray matter in the spinal cord is located

A

On the inside

67
Q

Gray matter in the spinal cord is shaped like

A

A butterfly with several lobes called horns

68
Q

A nerve that branches off the cord is called a

A

Spinal nerve

69
Q

A nerve that branches off the posterior is called

A

Posterior root, its a sensory nerve

70
Q

Motor nerves exit on what side and called what?

A

Anterior side and called anterior root

71
Q

The cell bodies of all neurons making up the posterior root are

A

Clustered into a knob called the ganglion

72
Q

What houses all of the cell bodies of the sensory neurons?

A

The posterior root ganglion

73
Q

Cervical plexus is found

A

In the neck

74
Q

Brachial plexus goes

A

To the arm

75
Q

The sacral plexus is in

A

The lower back region and in the hip region

76
Q

What is a plexus?

A

A group of nerves in a particular region

77
Q

The sciatic nerve is a

A

Branch of the lumbar & sacral nerves and is considered part of the sacral plexus (in the flexible area of the upper leg) (lower buttocks)

78
Q

Sitting on hard objects can lead to

A

Sciatica

79
Q

The cauda equina literally means

A

Horses tail. It is many branches of the spinal cord in the lumbar region

80
Q

The filum terminale is

A

Connective tissue that helps anchor the tip of the spinal cord

81
Q

Sympathetic trunk is the

A

Thin strand between each ganglion

82
Q

Ventricles of the brain are

A

Cavities within the brain that are filled with a fluid (CSF)

83
Q

CSF has a slow circulation throughout the ventricles aided by

A

Pressure and cilia on the edges of ependymal cells

84
Q

These cells line the ventricles in the brain

A

Ependymal cells

85
Q

CSF tracing

A

Most of CSF is produced by choroid plexus of various ventricles
1) Starts at lateral ventricles
2) Pressure buildup pushed CSF through interventricular foramen
3) Third ventricle (csf added)
4) Moves down through mesencephalic aqueduct
5) Fourth ventricle (csf produced)
*From here the fluid can take different routes
1) Through apertures into the subnarachoid space around the brain
OR
2) Go down through central canal of spinal cord and at cauda equine it enters the subarachnoid space of spinal cord
7) Joins the subarachnoid space around brain
8) Comes together at top of brain
9) Enters arachnoid villi at top of brain and then goes into deral sinuses

86
Q

CSF is produced in the

A

Choroid plexuses and is absorbed int he anachnoid villi where it enters the blood stream.

87
Q

The flow of CSF does what

A

Cleanses waste material at the surface of the CNS

88
Q

If blockage occurs along the CSF pathway what happens

A

It can have serious consequences. The ventricles can build up pressure & enlarge and push out against the brain tissue & damage the brain

89
Q

What happens to babies if blockage occurs along CSF pathway?

A

The pressure can greatly enlarge the ventricles pushing against the skull which is unossified, and making the skull become very large increasing the head size dramatically. This is known as hydrocephalus or water on the brain. Children will end up with large heads & may result in mental retardation because of the pressure on the brain damaging the brain tissue. Surgical shunts can treat this disease by relieving the pressure

90
Q

Cranial nerves are nerves that exit various regions of the

A

Brain and go to other parts of the body

91
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 Cranial nerves and they come in pairs so there are 12 pairs of cranial nerves

92
Q

What is the mnemonic:

OOOTTAFVGVAH

A

Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Valuables AH (Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal)

Human Anatomy (50 decks)

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