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Human Anatomy > Lecture notes muscle 2 nervous > Flashcards

Lecture notes muscle 2 nervous Flashcards

1
Q

What are muscle proteins?

A

Myofilaments: thick and thin
Thick filament:myosin, a swivel headed protein chain
Thin filament:Actin, tropomyosin, troponin (proteins!): Double strand of actin plus strands of tropomyosin.

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2
Q

Troponin holds

A

The tropomyosin in place

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3
Q

A Bands are

A

(dark) includes H zone, M

line & zone of (thin & thick filament) overlap

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4
Q

I Bands are

A

(light); the region between the A band &

Z line containing primarily thin filaments

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5
Q

Z line functions as

A

The connecting framework for

the thin filaments and defines the borders of the sarcomere (from Z line to Z line)

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6
Q

H zone or H band, is also lighter since it has

A

Thick filaments only & the M line running down

the center

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7
Q

What are the events of muscle contraction?

A

Divided into two parts

  1. Message (impulse) travels from CNS to sarcomere- conduction
  2. Proteins (Actin & Myosin) move relative to each other- “sliding filament”-
    contraction. ..
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8
Q

Events of conduction

A 
Nerve impulse
• Neuromuscular junction
• ACH across the synaptic gap (cleft)
• Stimulates action potential on sarcolemma 
• Down T-tubules
• Ca++ release from terminal cisternae
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9
Q

Ca++ release begins events of?

A

Contraction

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10
Q

What is the current model of muscle contraction?

A

The sliding filament theory

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11
Q

How are muscle fibers and neurons similar?

A

1) Both their membranes can conduct action potentials
2) They both show an all-or-nothing response.
3) They both must reach a threshold level to
trigger an action potential…

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12
Q

Motor units are

A

• One neuron and all the muscle cells it
contacts.
• Allows for fine and gross muscle control
• Less cells per motor unit = fine control – Eye muscles
• Muscles of the legs = more cells per motor unit…

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13
Q

Fast fibers v. slow fibers

A 
Fast fibers
• quick to contract • Fatigue easily
• Lack myoglobin (anaerobic) • White in color
• Most fibers are Fast or White fibers
Slow fibers
• can sustain contraction • Have myoglobin and extensive blood supply (aerobic)
• Red in color = Red fibers
• For example; Posture muscles...
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14
Q

Intermediate fibers are?

A
  • Moderate endurance
  • Red in color
  • Aerobic
  • # s depend upon exercise!
  • Fast fibers become intermediate fibers when used heavily
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15
Q

Atrophy is

A
  • Loss of muscle mass
  • Lack of use
  • Loss of proteins
  • May result in cell loss
  • Never regain those cells
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16
Q

Hypertrophy

A 
• Exercise
• Increase in mass
• Not increase in fibers (cells)! • More myofibrils
• More mitochondria
• More blood supply
• More glycogen!
17
Q

The nervous system is divided into two parts

A

The central nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

18
Q

The central nervous system (CNS) is

A

Brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem) & Spinal cord

19
Q

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is

A

Everything else that conducts nerve impulses outside of the brain & spinal cord (cranial & spinal nerves; ganglia)

20
Q

Fibers, cell bodies, and myelin for CNS

A

*Fibers bundled as tracts
*Cell bodies in nucleus
*Myelin by oligodendrocytes



21
Q

Fibers, cell bodies, and myeline for PNS

A

*Fibers bundled as nerves
*Cell bodies in ganglion
*Myelin by neurolemmocytes


22
Q

From senses to CNS

A

Sensory

23
Q

From CNS to muscle or gland

A

Motor

24
Q

“Outer body”

A

Somatic

25
Q

Internal organs

A

Visceral

26
Q

Involuntary

A

Autonomic

27
Q

Structural and functional unit of the nervous system

A

Neuron

28
Q

What are the anatomical types of neurons?

A

1) Unipolar
2) Bipolar
3) Multipolar

29
Q

Unipolar is

A

Cell body off to the side; sensory neurons

30
Q

Bipolar is

A

A single dendrite & a single axon arising from opposite poles of the cell body; more rare; special senses

31
Q

Multipolar is

A

The most common type in the CNS; several dendrites & a single axon that may have one or more branches; motor neurons

32
Q

Sensory are what types of neurons

A

Unipolar

33
Q

Motor are what type of neurons?

A

Multipolar

34
Q

Interneuron (association) is

A

Located entirely in the CNS

35
Q

Nerve impulse is

A

*Also called an Action Potential.
*Movement of an electrical charge along the plasma membrane of a neuron
*The result of a change in voltage on either side of the membrane
*All-or-nothing
*Threshold
*Speed is affected by size of fiber
*Speed is affected by insulation of axons


36
Q

Resting potential is

A

-70 mv (millivolts) because the difference between the sides of the membrane due to ion pumps and diffusion

37
Q

Action potential is

A

An abrupt, brief reversal “depolarization” It moves like a wave down the axon to the terminal knob. The “nerve impulse.”

Human Anatomy (50 decks)

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