Exam 3 Part three Flashcards
What are the effects of oxytocin hormone
Also called “cuddle hormone”
Females: Stimulates smooth muscle contraction in uterine wall; stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands
Male: Stimulates contraction of smooth muscle of male reproductive tract
What are the effects of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Stimulates reabsorption of H20 from tubular fluid in kidneys; stimulates vasoconstriction in arterioles of body, thereby raising blood pressure
What are the effects of glucagon
Increases blood glucose levels, glycogen breakdown in liver cells, lipid breakdown in adipose cells
What are the effects of insulin hormone
Decreases glucose levels in the body fluids, glucose transport into target cells; promotes glycogen & lipid formation & storage
What are the effects of glucocorticoids?
Stimulate lipid & protein metabolism; regulate blood glucose levels
What are the effects of adrenalin/noradenalin (epinephrine/norepinephrine)
Work with the systemic division of the ANS to stimulate fight-or-flight response
Stimulates contraction of uterine wall
Oxytocin
Stimulates milk production
Prolactin
Made by alpha cells of pancreas
Glucagon
Have receptors for specific hormones
Target cells
Stimulates thyroid hormone release
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Synthesized by adrenal medulla
Epinephrine
Produces regulatory hormones
Hypothalamus
Retention of both water and sodium from the kidney occurs as a result of the production & release of?
Glucocortcoid
When glucose levels in the blood are elevated,
Insulin is released
Which of the following is a tropic hormone: Glucagon, epinephrine, melatonin, growth hormone
Growth hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates the production of?
Gamets (sperm & oocytes) in males & females
Which hormone is NOT synthesized by cells in the pituitary gland: Adrenocorticotropic hormone, growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid hormone
Thyroid hormone
What is the function of glucocorticoids?
Elevate blood glucose levels during periods of stress
Which hormone is antagonistic to parathyroid hormone?
Calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone is released from the parathyroid gland when blood levels of ____ fall.
Calcium
The secretion of epinephrine & norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by
Sympathetic nerve innervation
What is the otolithis structure?
Small calcium carbonate crystals, also called statoconia. The gelatinous layer (in the utricle & saccule) & crystals from the otolithic membrane.
The semicircular canals
Part of the bony labyrinth. Within the semicircular canals of the vestibular complex, the membranous labyrinth is called the semicircular ducts.
Ampulla is
Contained within each semicircular duct region. Located at the end furthest from the utricle connection. Contains an elevated region (crista ampullaris) (or ampullary crest), that is covered by an epithelium of hair cells & supporting cells.
Copula is
Hair cells embed both their kinocilia & stereocilia into an overlying gelatinous dome. Extends completely across the semicircular duct to the roof over the ampulla
Ceruminous glands produce
A waxlike secretion called cerumen, which combines with dead, sloughed skin cells to form earwax. This material may help reduce infection within the external acoustic meatus by impeding microorganism growth
Amplitude is
The maximum extent of a vibration or oscillation, measured from the position of equilibrium
Stapedius is
One of two tiny skeletal muscles located w/in the middle ear. Restricts ossicle movement when loud noises occur & protect the sensitive receptors in the inner ear
Tensor tympani is
One of two tiny skeletal muscles located w/in the middle ear. Restricts ossicle movement when loud noises occur & protect the sensitive receptors in the inner ear
Detects tension in tendons, position of joints
Proprioceptors
Malleus, incus, stapes
Auditory ossicles
Fluid in the membranous labyrinth
Endolymph
Detects pain stimuli
Nociceptor
Supports the spiral organ
Basilar membrane
Pigmented middle layer of eye
Choroid
Sensation of taste
Gustation
Attaches to lens
Suspensory ligaments
Sensitivity reduced due to constant stimulus
Adaptation
Sensation of smell
Olfaction
Unencapsulated, terminal branches of dendrites are called
Free nerve endings
Baroreceptors are a class of mechanoreceptor that respond to
Changes in pressure
Which sensory structure has stereocilia of hair cells embedded in a gelatinous structure called a cupula?
Semicircular duct
The photoreceptors that perceive color & sharp vision are?
Cones
The tarsal glands secrete?
A lipid-rich product the prevents the eyelids from sticking together
The arrangement of tunics in the eye, from the center of the eye to the periphery, is
Retina, vascular, fibrous
Receptors in the walls of blood vessels that respond to discrete changes in gas concentration in the blood are called?
Chemoreceptors
The lacrimal glands produce lacrimal fluid for each of the following functions except: Cleansing the eye surfae, preventing bacterial infection, humidifying the eye orbit, moistening the eye surface
Humidifying the eye orbit
Which statement is true about the cochlear duct?; It is part of the bony labyrinth, it is filled with perilymph, it contains hair cells that convert sound waves into nerve impulses, it contains a spiral organ that rests on a vestibular membrane
It contains hair cells that convert sound waves into nerve impulses
What are the functions of blood?
Transportation, regulation, protection
Which protein is involved in blood clotting?
Fibrinogen
Plasma
Complex mixture of water, proteins, & other solutes. When the blood cells, platelets and clotting proteins are removed from plasma, the remaining fluid is termed serum
What is the most abundant compound in plasma?
Water (92%)
What are the plasma proteins?
Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, regulatory proteins
What are other salutes in plasma
Electrolytes, nutrients, respiratory gases, wastes
Albumins are
Smallest & most abundant of plasma proteins (58%). Regulate H2O movement between blood & interstitial fluid by providing some of the plasma solutes to drive osmosis. Act as transport proteins that carry ions, hormones, & some lipids in the blood
Globulins are
The second largest group of plasma proteins (37%). Smaller alpha-globulins & larger beta-globulins bind, support, & protect water-insoluble (hydrophobic) molecules, hormones, & ions. Gamma globulins (immunoglobulins) or antibodies, are soluble proteins produced by some defense cells to protect the body against pathogens that may cause disease
Fibrinogen
Makes up 4% of plasma proteins. Responsible for blood clot formation. Following trauma to the walls of blood vessels, fibrinogen is converted into long, insoluble strands of fibrin, which help form a blood clot
What is the survival time for a typical RBC?
About 120 days because the absence of both a nucleus & cellular organelles reduce its life span. Aging & the wear and tear of circulation through blood vessels cause them to become more fragile & less flexible
Agranulocyte that can develop into macrophage
Monocyte
Protein that can be converted into blood clot fibers
Fibrinogen
The most numerous luekocyte
Neutrophil
Immature form of erythrocyte with a nucleus
Erythroblast
Blood cell formation and development
Hemopoiesis
Binds to antigens
Antibody
The most abundant compound in plasma
Water
Formation of erythrocytes
Erythropoiesis
In the adult, the stem cell for leukocytes reside in the
Red bone marrow
Which type of leukocyte increases during allergic reactions & parasitic worm infections?
Eosinophil
Which cell forms platelets in the red bone marrow?
Megakaryocyte
Which of the following is not a function of blood: Prevention of fluid loss, nutrient & waste transport, maintenance of constant pH levels, production of hormones
Production of hormones
A person with blood type A has
Anti-B antibodies in her blood plasma
The hematocrit is a measure of
The percentage of formed elements in the blood
Oxygen attaches to an ____ion in hemogloblin
Iron
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a mature erythrocyte: Biconcave disc shape, absence of organelles, life span of about 12 months, filled with hemoglobin
Life span of about 12 months
Veins that carry blood to the left atrium
Pulmonary veins
Also known as bicuspid or mitral valve
Left AV valve
Period of relaxation
Diastole cells
Origin of heartbeat
SA node
Veins that carry blood to the right atrium
Venae cavae
Specialized junction between cardiac muscle cells
Intercalated disc
Contains three cusps; also known as tricuspid valve
Right AV valve
Period of contraction
Systole
Muscle impulses are spread rapidly between cardiac muscle cells by
Intercalated discs
Venous blood from the heart wall enters the right atrium through the
Coronary sinus
How is blood prevented from flowing into the right ventricle from the pulmonary trunk?
Closing of the pulmonary semilunar valve
What is the correct circulatory sequence for blood to pass through part of the heart?
R. atrium>r. av valve> r. ventricle> pulmonary semilunar valve
The pericardial cavity is located between the
parietal & visceral layers of the serous pericardium
The irregular muscular ridges in the ventricular walls are the
Trabeculae carneae
Sympathetic innervation of cardiac muscle originates from
T1-T5 segments of the spinal cord
When the ventricles contract, all of the following occur except: Closing of the AV valves, blood ejecting into the pulmonary trunk & aorta, closing of the semilunar valves, opening of the semilunar valves
Closing of the semilunar valves
The thickest part of the heart wall is the?
Myocardium
Superior mesenteric vein drains into it
Hepatic portal vein
Composed of endothelium & basement membrane only
Capillary
Bifurcation of descending abdominal aorta
Common iliac artery
Drains right posterior intercoastal veins
Azygos vein
Continuation of femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Sends oxygenated blood to right upper limb
Brachiocephalic trunk
Drains directly into left atrium
Pulmonary vein
All of the following are direct branches of the celiac trunk except the: splenic artery, right gastric artery, left gastric artery, common hepatic artery
Right gastric artery
Which statement is true about veins?
Veins always carry deoxygenated blood, veins drain into smaller vessels called venues, the largest tunic in a vein is the tunic externa, the lumen of a vein tends to be smaller than that of a comparably sized artery
The largest tunic in a vein is the tunic externa
What is the correct pathway that blood flows through the upper limb arteries
Subclavian>axillary>brachial>radial & ulnar
Which of the following veins typically does not drain directly into the inferior vena cava?
Renal, hepatic portal, common iliac, right gonadal
Hepatic portal
After birth, the umbilical vein becomes the
Round ligament of the liver
Pulmonary surfactant
Alveolar type II cells secrete this. A fluid composed of lipids & proteins that coats the inner alveolar surface to reduce surface tension & prevent the collapse of the alveoli
Type I cells
One of two types of cells that form the alveolar wall. Predominate cell. Also called squamous alveolar cell. Promotes rapid gas diffusion across the alveolar wall.
Type II cell
Also called septal cell, is part of a smaller population of cells w/in the alveolar wall. Almost cuboidal shape. Secrete pulmonary surfactant
Fights invaders
Macrophage
What is a pneumothorax & what are its consequences?
Condition that occurs when free air gets into the pleural cavity. Can develop in 2 ways: air may be introduced externally from a penetrating injury to the chest. Or from internally when a broken rib lacerates the surface of the lung.
Consequences: the air in the space can cause the affected lung to deflate until the air has been removed from the pleural space. If it is large it is a medical emergency and can cause death if not treated
Pleural cavity
Between the serous membrane layers. When the lungs are fully inflated, the pleural cavity is a potential space because the visceral & parietal pleurae are almost in contact w/each other.
pleural membranes
The outer lung surfaces & adjacent internal thoracic wall are lined by a serous membrane called pleura, which is formed from simple squamous epithelium called mesothelium. The outer surface of each lung is tightly covered by visceral pleura, while the internal thoracic walls, the lateral surfaces of the mediastinum, & the superior surface of the diaphragm are lined by the parietal pleura
Boyle’s law
The pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container increases, & vice versa
separates the 2 pleural cavities
Mediastinum
What is the function of the nasal cavity?
Filtration, conditioning, olfaction, contributes to sound production
What muscles are involved in breathing?
Diaphragm, abdominals, ext. & int. intercostals, scalene, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor, transversus thoracis
