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Human Anatomy > Chapter 3.2 Gametogenesis > Flashcards

Chapter 3.2 Gametogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Gametogenesis is necessary for what phase of development

A

Reproductive phase

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2
Q

Hereditary information is carried on

A

Chromosomes

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3
Q

Human somatic cells contain how many pairs of chromosomes

A

23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes

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4
Q

Autosomes contain

A

Genetic information for most human characteristics, such as eye color, hair color, height, and skin pigmentation

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5
Q

A pair of similar autosomes are called

A

Homologous chromosomes

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6
Q

The pair of sex chromosomes primarily determines

A

Whether an individual is female (she will have two X chromosomes) or male (he will have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome)

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7
Q

If a cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes it is said to be

A

Diploid

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8
Q

Sex cells are

A

Haploid because they contain 23 chromosomes only and not 23 pairs of chromosomes

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9
Q

The process of gametogenesis begins with cell division, called

A

Meiosis

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10
Q

The sex cells produced in the female are

A

Secondary oocytes

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11
Q

The sex cells produced in the male are

A

Sperm

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12
Q

A type of sex cell division that starts off with a diploid parent cell and produces haploid daughter cells

A

Meiosis

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13
Q

Mitosis produces

A

Two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell

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14
Q

Meiosis produces

A

4 daughter cells that are genetically different from the parent cell

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15
Q

Produces daughter cells that are diploid

A

Mitosis

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16
Q

Produces daughter cells that are haploid

A

Meiosis

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17
Q

Crossing over does NOT occur in

A

Mitosis

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18
Q

In meiosis a process called crossing over occurs, whereby

A

Genetic material is exchanged between homologous chromosomes. Crossing over helps shuffle the genetic deck of cards. It is a means of combining different genes from both parents on one of the homologous chromosomes

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19
Q

Meiosis begins with a

A

Diploid parent cell located in the gonad (testes or ovary)

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20
Q

The parent cell that is responsible for the production of gametes contains

A

23 pairs of chromosomes

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21
Q

For an organism to produce its own sex cells, the parent cell must divide by the process of

A

Meiosis

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22
Q

Prior to meiosis is a cell phase known as

A

Interphases

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23
Q

During interphase the DNA in each chromosome is

A

Replicated in the parent cell, resulting in identical or replicated chromosomes

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24
Q

Replicated chromosomes are double stranded chromosomes, composed of two identical structures called

A

Sister chromatids

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25
Q

Each sister chromatid in a double stranded chromosome contains an

A

Identical copy of DNA

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26
Q

The sister chromatids are attached at a specialized region termed

A

Centromere

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27
Q

A double stranded chromosome resembles a written letter X and is composed of

A

Two identical sister chromatids

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28
Q

A homologous pair of chromosomes is composed of a maternal chromosome and a

A

Paternal chromosome of the same number

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29
Q

After interphase there are how many pairs of double stranded chromosomes

A

23

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30
Q

Once the DNA is replicated in interphase, the phases of what begin

A

Meiosis

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31
Q

Homologous, double stranded chromosomes in the parent cell form

A

Pairs

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32
Q

The process by which homologous chromosomes pair up is called

A

Synapsis

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33
Q

The actual pair of homologous chromosomes is called

A

Tetrad

34
Q

When does crossing over occur?

A

As the maternal and paternal chromosomes come close together

35
Q

When the crossing over occurs what happens

A

The homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material

36
Q

A tiny portion of the genetic material in a sister chromatid of a maternal chromosome is exchanged with the

A

Same portion of genetic material transferred in a sister chromatid of a paternal chromosome

37
Q

The shuffling of the genetic material ensures

A

Continued genetic diversity in new organisms

38
Q

The homologous pairs of double-stranded chromosomes line up above and below the equator of the cell, forming a double line of chromosomes. This alignment of paired, double-stranded chromosomes is random with respect of whether the original maternal or paternal chromosome of a pair is on one side of the equator or the other.

A

First meiotic metaphase (Metaphase I)

39
Q

Pairs of homologous chromosomes separate and are pulled to the opposite ends of a cell. The pairs of chromosomes are no longer together, because the members of each pair are being pulled to opposite ends of a cell. However, each chromosome is still double-stranded

A

First Meiotic Anaphase (Anaphase I)

40
Q

The chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of the cell, and a nuclear membrane re-forms around the chromosomes at each end of the cell. Then cleavage furrow forms in the cell, and the cell cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis) to produce two new cells. Each daughter cell contains 23 chromosomes only, but each of these chromosomes is double stranded, meaning it is composed of two sister chromatids. These two cells must undergo further cell division so that the new cells will be composed of single-stranded chromosomes only.

A

First meiotic telophase (telophase I) and cytokinesis

41
Q

A single-stranded chromosome contains how many chromatids?

A

One

42
Q

In each of the two new cells, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and the chromosomes collect together. However, crossing over does not occur in this phase because homologous chromosomes separated in anaphase I.

A

Second Meiotic Prophase (Prophase II)

43
Q

Crossing over occurs in what prophase

A

Crossing over occurs in the first meiotic prophase only

44
Q

The double-stranded chromosomes form a single line along the equator in the middle of the cell. Spindle fibers extend from the centrioles at the poles to the centromere of each double-stranded chromosome

A

Second meiotic metaphase (metaphase II)

45
Q

The sister chromatids of each double-stranded chromosome are pulled apart at the centromere. Each chromatid, now called a single stranded chromosome, is pulled to the opposite pole of the cell

A

Second meiotic anaphase (anaphase II)

46
Q

The single-stranded chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of the cell. Nuclear membranes re-form, a cleavage furrow forms, and the cytoplasm in both cells divides, producing a total of four daughter cells. These daughter cells are haploid, because they contain 23 chromosomes only (not 23 pairs). These daughter cells mature into sperm (in males) or secondary oocytes (in females)

A

Second Meiotic Telophase (Telophase II) and Cytokinesis

47
Q

Meiosis I (the first meiotic division) separates maternal and paternal pairs of chromosomes, while meiosis II (the second meiotic division)

A

Separates the remaining double-stranded chromosomes into single-stranded chromosomes.

48
Q

Secondary oocyte is

A

The sex cell produced in females

49
Q

Oogenesis is

A

The process of oocyte development

50
Q

The secondary oocyte cell will have how many autosomes and how many X chromosomes

A

22 autosomes and one X chromosome

51
Q

Oogonia is

A

The parent cells, or stem cells, that produce oocytes, they reside in the ovaries

52
Q

Diploid cells that undergo meiosis

A

Oogonia

53
Q

In the female fetus, all the oogonia start the process of

A

Meiosis and form primary oocytes prior to birth

54
Q

Primary oocytes are arrested in

A

Prophase I and remain this way until the female reaches puberty

55
Q

Each month a number of primary oocytes begin to mature; usually only one becomes

A

A secondary oocyte

56
Q

When the primary oocyte completes the first meiotic division (prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I), what happens

A

Two cells are produced

57
Q

Is the division of cytoplasm equal or unequal?

A

It is grossly unequal

58
Q

The cell we call the secondary oocyte receives the bulk of the cytoplasm and is the cell that is arrested in

A

Metaphase II

59
Q

The polar body is

A

The second cell, which receives only a tiny bit of the cytoplasm

60
Q

What has the potential to be fertilized

A

Only the secondary oocyte

61
Q

The secondary oocyte is ovulated along with

A

Two other components surrounding the oocyte-cuboidal cells that form the corona radiate and a thin ring of proteins and glycoproteins called the zona pellucida

62
Q

Form protective layers around the secondary oocyte

A

The corona radiata and the zone pellucida

63
Q

The further development of the secondary oocyte varies, depending on what

A

Depending upon whether or not it is fertilized by a sperm

64
Q

If the secondary oocyte is not fertilized what happens?

A

It degenerates about 24 hours after ovulation, still arrested in metaphase II

65
Q

If the secondary oocyte is fertilized it

A

First finishes the process of meiosis. Two new cells are produced and the division of cytoplasm is unequal.

66
Q

The cell that receives very little cytoplasm becomes

A

Another polar body and eventually degenerates

67
Q

The cell that receives the majority of the cytoplasm becomes

A

Ovum

68
Q

It is the ovum nuclear that combines with the sperm nucleus to produce the

A

Diploid fertilized cell, or zygote

69
Q

Typically how many secondary oocyte is expelled each month?

A

Only one secondary oocyte is expelled (ovulated)

70
Q

The left and right ovaries

A

Take turns

71
Q

In males their bodies produce and release how many gametes (sperm) throughout the entire month?

A

Millions

72
Q

In males the sex cell produced is called

A

Sperm (spermatozoon)

73
Q

Spermatogenesis is

A

The process of sperm development

74
Q

The parent or stem cells that produce sperm are called

A

Spermatogonia

75
Q

Spermatogonia are diploid cells that reside in the

A

Male gonads, the testes

76
Q

Each spermatogonium first divides by

A

Mitosis to make an exact copy of itself, a new cell called primary spermatocyte

77
Q

Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis and produce haploid cells called

A

Spermatids

78
Q

Although spermatids contain 23 chromosomes only, they still must undergo what

A

Further changes to form a sperm

79
Q

The process where spermatids lose much of their cytoplasm and grow a long tail called a flagellum

A

Spermiogenesis

80
Q

The newly formed sperm are haploid cells that exhibit what

A

A distinctive head, a mid piece, and a tail

81
Q

What forms from a single spermatocyte

A

Four new sperm are formed

82
Q

Of the four newly formed sperm from a single spermatocyte have how many autosomes and chromosomes are present?

A

Two of the sperm have 22 autosomes and one X chromosome and two have 22 autosomes and one Y chromosome

Human Anatomy (50 decks)

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