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Human Anatomy > Final exam part four > Flashcards

Final exam part four Flashcards

1
Q

Labia minora are

A

Paired folds immediately internal to the labia major. Devoid of hair & contain a highly vascular layer of areolar connective tissue. Sebaceous glands are located in these folds, & numerous melanocytes, resulting in enhanced pigmentation of the folds

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2
Q

Function of spiral mitochondria in a sperm cell

A

The mitochondris is there to store and produce energy for the sperm. They carry out aerobic respiration that produce energy in the form of ATP molecules ( Adenosine triphosphate). These are important in helping the sperm remain motile so it can have sufficient energy to reach the oviduct/ fallopian tube, where it will fertilize the egg. The flagella is vital in enabling the mobility.

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3
Q

Hymen of the female is

A

A vascularized, membranous barrier. Typically is perforated during the first instance of sexual intercourse, also may be perforated by tampon use, medical exams, or very strenuous physical activity

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4
Q

GnRH stimulates the release of?

A

LH & FSH

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5
Q

Triggers follicle to rupture releasing the oocyte, triggers development of corpus luteum, released from pituitary gland

A

LH

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6
Q

Ovulation occurs at approximately which day of a 28 day ovarian cycle?

A

Day 14

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7
Q

What is the function of luteinizing hormone (LH) & Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)?

A

Stimulate oocytes to develop & ovaries to release estrogen & progesterone

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8
Q

Uterine ostium is

A

The uterine opening of the oviduct

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9
Q

Gubernaculums is

A

A mesenchymal column of tissue that connects the fetal testis to the developing scrotum and that is involved in testicular descent

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10
Q

A condition in which one or both of the testes fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum

A

Cryptorchidism

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11
Q

The surgical cutting and sealing of part of each vas deferens, typically as a means of sterilization

A

Vasectomy

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12
Q

The labioscrotal fold are

A

Lateral folds at either side of the embryonic cloacal membrane that develop into either the scrotum or the labia majora

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13
Q

Retroperitoneal means

A

Situated or occurring behind the peritoneum

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14
Q

Exocrine glands of the digestive system are responsible for

A

The release of digestive fluids. Secrete into ducts. Has a duct portion and a glandular portion. At the end of each branch is an acinus formed at secretory cells of two types: serous cells (which secrete proteins such as enzymes), and mucous cells (which secrete mucus).

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15
Q

Genital turbercle is

A

A conical protuberance on the belly wall of an embryo between the attachment of the umbilical cord and the tail that develops into the penis in the male and the clitoris in the female

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16
Q

Urogenital folds are derived from the

A

Cloacal folds; in male embryos, they close over the urethral plate and fuse to form the spongy urethra and ventral aspect of the penis; in female embryos, the unfused urogenital folds develop into the labia minora

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17
Q

A temporary organ that joins the mother and fetus, transferring oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the fetus and permitting the release of carbon dioxide and waste products from the fetus.

A

Placenta

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18
Q

Phenotypic sex refers to

A

The appearance of an individual’s internal & external genitalia. Starts to become apparent no earlier than the 7th week of development

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19
Q

Genetic sex refers to the

A

Sex of an individual based on her or his sex chromosomes. An individual with two x chromosomes is a genetic female, male is x & one y. Determined at fertilization.

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20
Q

Urethral orifice is

A

External opening of the urethra, from which urine is ejected during urination

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21
Q

Male gland that produces testosterone & sperm cells

A

Testes

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22
Q

From the epididymus sperm cells move into the?

A

Ductus deferens

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23
Q

Produce oocytes that are released into the pelvic cavity of a female

A

Ovaries

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24
Q

Gonad of the female reproductive system

A

Ovary

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25
Q

What produces oocytes in a process known as oogenesis?

A

Ovary

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26
Q

When oocytes are mature they are released from the ovary by?

A

Ovulation

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27
Q

Development of the oocytes begins during _____ _____ of the female, but they remain as ______ ______ until _______.

A

Fetal development
Primary oocytes
Puberty

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28
Q

Once the secondary oocyte is ovulated and if it is fertilized what does it become?

A

Ovum

29
Q

If fertilization does not occur the corpus luteum develops into

A

Corpus albicans

30
Q

Changes in the endometrium

A

Menstrual cycle

31
Q

Changes in the ovary

A

Ovarian cycle

32
Q

Once fertilization occurs, the oocyte & the sperm unite to become a

A

Zygote

33
Q

The zygote divides during which stage and what does it form?

A

Pre-embryonic stage & forms a two-celled stage

34
Q

Once the zygote divides into a two-celled stage what happens next?

A

They go through numerous divisions and are called blastomeres

35
Q

The two blastomeres divide and become what?

A

Four cells, this process continues until a cluster of cells (16-32 of them) is formed called a morula

36
Q

As division continues the cluster of cells (morula) becomes a hollow ball of cells called a?

A

Blastocyst

37
Q

IPMAT

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Mitotic phase
Anaphase
Telophase
38
Q

Interphase

A

Not a stage of mitosis but a part of the cell cycle. Normal activities no noticeable change. Chromosomes NOT visible

39
Q

Prophase

A

Chromatin threads appear, chromatids visible, nuclear envelope disappears, centrioles move toward opposing cell poles.

40
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up in middle, microtubules attach to centromeres of chromosomes

41
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell

42
Q

Telophase

A

Two new cells begin to form as a cleavage furrow divides the cytoplasm, nuclear envelope reappears

43
Q

Centromere is

A

A constricted region that joins two sister chromatids

44
Q

Chromatids are

A

The two strands joined together by a single centromere, formed from the duplication of the chromosome during the early stages of cell division and then separate to become individual chromosomes during the late stages of cell division

45
Q

Meiosis I

A

Meiosis I encompasses four stages: prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I and telophase I

46
Q

Meiosis is

A

Meiosis is a two-part cell division process that produces sex cells with one half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. There are two stages or phases of meiosis: meiosis I and meiosis II. At the end of the meiotic process, four daughter cells are produced

47
Q

Meiosis II

A

Meiosis II is the second part of the meiotic process. Much of the process is similar to mitosis and meiosis I

48
Q

Prophase I

A

Chromotid threads begin to twist and condense, creating chromosomal structures which are visible to the microscope. Each chromosome then actively seeks out its homologous chromosome & becomes 4 chromatids

49
Q

Metaphase II

A

The chromosomes become arranged on the metaphase plate, much as the chromosomes do in mitosis, and are attached to the now fully formed spindle

50
Q

Homologous pairs are

A

A chromosomes that exist in diploid cells. One of the pair you inherit from your father, the other from your mother. A human has 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes (these do not include sex chromosomes)

51
Q

Reduction division is

A

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms; the nucleus divides into four nuclei each containing half the chromosome number

52
Q

A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

A

Chromosome

53
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid. It is located in the nuclei of cells, which make up the body. Consequently, DNA can be considered as one of the building blocks of the body. In chromosomes

A

DNA

54
Q

Gamete production

A

Produced by a type of meiosis (cell division). They are haploid (contain one set of chromosomes). When the haploid male and female gametes unite (fertilization), they form a zygote. The zygote is diploid and contains two sets of chromosomes

55
Q

The cap (formed from the corpus spongiosum) over the distal end of the penis is the?

A

Glans

56
Q

__________ , which is secreted by the placenta, stimulates the synthesis and secretion of testosterone before birth

A

HCG

57
Q

In the male, the process in which sperm cells, secretions of the prostate, and secretions of the seminal vesicles accumulate in the prostatic urethra is called

A

Emission

58
Q

The layer of clear, viscous fluid that is deposited around a primary oocyte is the

A

Zona Pellucida

59
Q

The funnel-shaped end of the uterine tube (fallopian tube) is the

A

Infundibulum

60
Q

The large, superior, rounded portion of the uterus is the

A

Fundus

61
Q

Which of these layers is shed during menses?

A

Functional layer of endometrium

62
Q

During the menstrual cycle, the time between the ending of menses and ovulation is called the

A

Follicular phase

63
Q

The hormone responsible for ovulation is

A

LH

64
Q

In the menstrual cycle, progesterone levels are highest during

A

The secretory phase

65
Q

A woman with a typical 28-day menstrual cycle is most likely to become pregnant from sexual intercourse occurring on days

A

9-14

66
Q

While the follicle is developing, a positive-feedback loop occurs in which __________ stimulates the follicle, which increases the secretion of __________, which stimulates GnRH secretion

A

FSH, estrogen

67
Q

After fertilization, development of a full-term fetus depends upon

A

release of HCG by the trophoblast to maintain the corpus luteum

68
Q

During sexual intercourse, oxytocin and __________ both stimulate smooth muscle contractions in the uterus and uterine tubes

A

prostaglandins

Human Anatomy (50 decks)

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