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Human Anatomy > Chapter 1.3 Structural Organization of the body > Flashcards

Chapter 1.3 Structural Organization of the body Flashcards

1
Q

What are the levels of organization in the human body?

A

1) Atom
2) Molecule
3) Cells
4) Tissue
5) Organ
6) Organ system
7) Organism

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2
Q

The simplest level of organization within the body is

A

The chemical level, which is composed of atoms and molecules

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3
Q

Atoms are

A

The smallest units of matter

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4
Q

Two or more atoms combine to form

A

A molecule

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5
Q

Examples of molecules are

A

Protein, a water molecule, or a vitamin

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6
Q

Large molecules join in specific ways to form

A

Cells

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7
Q

The basic units of structure and function in organisms are

A

Cells

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8
Q

At the cellular level there are specialized

A

Structural and functional units called organelles which permit all living cells to share certain common functions

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9
Q

In the tissue level there are

A

Groups of similar cells with a common function

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10
Q

Tissues are precise

A

Organizations of similar cells that perform specialized functions

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11
Q

Name the four types of tissues

A

1) Epithelial tissue
2) Connective tissue
3) Muscle tissue
4) Nervous tissue

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12
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities

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13
Q

Connective tissue

A

Protects, supports, and interconnects body parts and organs

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14
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Produces movement

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15
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Conducts impulses for internal communication

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16
Q

At the organ level, different tissue types combine to form what

A

An organ

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17
Q

Give an example of an organ

A

Small intestine, brain, lungs, stomach, or heart

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18
Q

Organs contain

A

Two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific , complex functions

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19
Q

What organ exhibits all four tissue types

A

The small intestine

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20
Q

The organ system level consists of

A

Related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function

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21
Q

Give an example of organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function

A

Organs in the respiratory system such as the nose, pharynx, and trachea, which all collaborate to clean, warm, humidify, and conduct air from the atmosphere to the gas exchange surfaces in the lungs

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22
Q

Name the highest level of structural organization in the body

A

Organism level

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23
Q

In an organism

A

All body systems function interdependently in a single living human being

24
Q

Give an example of the effect that a gene mutation may have on the body

A

Cystic fibrosis

25
Q

When does cystic fibrosis result?

A

When a defective or abnormal region in a molecule of DNA affects the normal function of cells in certain body organs

26
Q

Abnormal cellular function causes

A

A corresponding failure in the functioning of the tissues composed of these abnormal cells, resulting in aberrant activity in the organ housing these tissues

27
Q

Organ failure has effects on what

A

On organ system activities

28
Q

What is the smallest structural unit that exhibits the characteristics of living things, and this is the smallest living portion of the human body

A

The cell

29
Q

Name the several properties that are common to all organisms, including humans

A

1) Organization
2) Metabolism
3) Growth and development
4) Responsiveness
5) Adaptation
6) Regulation
7) Reproduction

30
Q

Describe organization

A

All organisms exhibit a complex structure and order. The human body has several increasingly complex levels of organization

31
Q

Describe metabolism

A

All organisms carry out various chemical reactions. These chemical reactions include breaking down ingested nutrients into digestible particles , using the cells own energy to perform certain functions, and contracting and relaxing muscles to move the body.

32
Q

Give an example of metabolic activities

A

Ingesting nutrients and expelling wastes enable the body to continue acquiring the energy needed for life’s activities

33
Q

Describe growth and development

A

During their lifetime, organisms assimilate materials from their environment and exhibit increased size (growth) and increased specialization as related to form and function (development). As the human body grows in size, structures such as the brain become more complex and sophisticated

34
Q

Describe responsiveness

A

All organisms sense and respond to changes in their internal or external environment

35
Q

Give an example of responsiveness in organisms

A

A stimulus to the skin of the hand , such as extremely hot or cold temperatures, causes a human to withdraw the hand from the stimulus, so as to prevent injury or damage

36
Q

Describe adaptation

A

Over a period of time, an organism may alter an anatomic structure, physiologic process, or behavioral trait to increase its expected long-term reproductive success, such as a darkening of skin pigmentation in the equatorial region due to an increase in sun exposure

37
Q

Describe Regulation

A

Control and regulatory mechanisms within an organism maintain a consistent internal environment, a state called homeostasis

38
Q

In a constantly changing environment, every organism must be able to maintain what

A

A “Steady state”

39
Q

Give an example of regulation for organisms

A

When the body temperature rises, more blood is circulated near the surfaces of our limbs and digits to facilitate heat loss and return to homeostasis

40
Q

Describe reproduction

A

All organisms produce new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair. An organism produces sex cells (called gametes) that, under the right conditions, have the ability to develop into a new living organism

41
Q

All organisms must exchange what in order to carry out metabolism

A

Nutrients, gases, and wastes with their environment

42
Q

Simple organisms exchange substances how

A

Directly across their surface membranes

43
Q

What is another name for homeostasis

A

Internal equilibrium

44
Q

How does the human body maintain homeostasis

A

Through the intricate inter workings of all its organ systems

45
Q

Briefly describe the Integumentary system

A

Provides protection, regulates body temperature, site of cutaneous receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, and prevents water loss

46
Q

Hair and skin are examples of

A

Integumentary System

47
Q

Briefly describe the skeletal system

A

Provides support and protection, site of hemopoiesis (blood cell production), stores calcium and phosphorus, provides sites for muscle attachments

48
Q

Briefly describe the muscular system

A

Produces body movement, generates heat when muscles contract

49
Q

Briefly describe the Nervous system

A

A regulatory system that controls body movement, responds to sensory stimuli, and helps control all other systems of the body. Also responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory

50
Q

Briefly describe the Endocrine system

A

Consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones, some of which regulate body and cellular growth, chemical levels in the body, and reproductive functions

51
Q

Briefly describe the cardiovascular system

A

Consists of the heart (a pump), blood, and blood vessels; the heart moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, and gases, and pick up waste products

52
Q

Briefly describe the Lymphatic system

A

Transports and filters lymph (interstitial fluid transported through lymph vessels) and initiates an immune response when necessary

53
Q

Briefly describe the respiratory system

A

Responsible for exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood and the air in the lungs

54
Q

Briefly describe the digestive system

A

Mechanically and chemically digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products

55
Q

Briefly describe the urinary system

A

Filters the blood and removes waste products from the blood, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body

56
Q

Briefly describe the male reproductive system

A

Produces male sex cells (sperm) and male hormones (e.g. testosterone), transfers sperm to the female

57
Q

Briefly describe the female reproductive system

A

Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and female hormones (e.g. estrogen and progesterone), receives sperm from male, site of fertilization of oocyte, site of growth and development of embryo and fetus

Human Anatomy (50 decks)

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