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Human Anatomy > Lecture notes Nervous system > Flashcards

Lecture notes Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of muscle conduction?

A

1) Motor neuron action potential
2) Synaptic knob & neuromuscular junction
3) Sarcolemma action potential
4) T-tubule action potential
5) Release of Ca++from terminal cisternae

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2
Q

What are the next events after the 5 first muscle conduction events?

A

1 )Ca++ bonds to troponin causing shift in
tropomyosin
2) Bonding site is exposed on actin
3) Myosin head bonds to actin
4) Stored energy is released as “power stroke”
5) Actin moves relative to myosin
6 )ATP used to detach head and bend myosin back to resting position (energy loaded)
7 )Cycle repeated

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3
Q

What is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system?

A

Neuron

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4
Q

Neuroglia

A
  • Assist the neuron
  • Do not conduct an impulse
  • 4 types in CNS
  • 2 types in PNS
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5
Q

Ependymal (CNS)

A
  • Produce CSF (Cerebral spinal fluid)

* Concentrated in choroid plexus

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6
Q

Astrocyte (CNS)

A
  • Most common

* Structural, Blood Brain Barrier, Regulate AP

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7
Q

Microglia (CNS)

A

For CNS Defense- think of WBC’s

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8
Q

Oligodendrocyte (CNS)

A

Produce myelin sheath

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9
Q

Neurolemmocyte (PNS)

A

Produce myelin sheath

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10
Q

Satellite (PNS)

A

Separate cell bodies of ganglia and homeostasis of ganglion environment

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11
Q

What are the two structural divisions of the

nervous system?

A

CNS and PNS

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12
Q

What are the two functional divisions?

A

Sensory and Motor

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13
Q

What is the involuntary system called?

A

Autonomic

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14
Q

Which part of a neuron can have more than one branch coming off the cell body?

A

Dendrites

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15
Q

What are the 3 structural neurons?

A

Unipolar, bipolar, multipolar

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16
Q

What are the parts of a polysynaptic reflex?

A

RSIME

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17
Q

What is the voltage for the resting potential of a neuron?

A

-70mv inside v outside

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18
Q

What is the impulse?

A

Reversal of charge transferred to adjacent areas (+30mv)

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19
Q

If stimulated anywhere along a neuron the impulse will travel in the dendrite to axon direction. True or False?

A

False! It will travel in BOTH directions

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20
Q

What maintains the resting potential?

A

Ion pumps and diffusion

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21
Q

What kind of molecules are the ion pumps?

A

Proteins

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22
Q

Where are they located?

A

In the cell membrane of neurons and muscles

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23
Q

A “strong enough” stimulus has to be above the _____ to cause an action potential?

A

Threshold

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24
Q

What are the “helper” cells of the nervous

system called?

A

Neuroglia (glia)

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25
Q

Which produces CSF?

A

Ependymal

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26
Q

Which fights disease?

A

Microglia

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27
Q

Which produces myelin sheath?

A

Oligodendrocytes and Neurolemmocytes

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28
Q

Which isolates cell bodies in the spinal ganglia?

A

Satellite

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29
Q

Myelin is

A

A waxy membranous wrapping that Insulates the axon

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30
Q

the myelinating cell of the PNS

A

Neurolemmocyte (Schwann Cell)

31
Q

Neurilemma is the

A

The outermost part

32
Q

Neurofibril node (Nodes of Ranvier) are

A

Small gaps between each myelinating cell. The axon is exposed

33
Q

The myelinating cell of the CNS myelinate several axons

A

Oligodendrocytes

34
Q

Speeds up impulses

A

Saltatory conduction

35
Q

Two factors effect speed of conduction

A
  1. Size of the axon

2. Insulation with myelin sheath, Large, insulated axons are faster

36
Q

Nerve is

A

A bundle of neuron fibers

37
Q
  • Fibers bundled as tracts
  • Cell bodies in nucleus
  • Myelin by oligodendrocytes
A

Central nervous system

38
Q
  • Fibers bundled as nerves
  • Cell bodies in ganglion
  • Myelin by neurolemmocytes
A

Peripheral Nervous System

39
Q

Describe chemical synapse

A

*The axon ending (of the pre-synaptic neuron) has many synaptic vesicles filled with
neurotransmitter (acetylcholine, serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, GABA)
* When the action potential reaches the synaptic knob, the synaptic vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft
* The neurotransmitters cross this synaptic cleft and bind to receptor sites on the post-synaptic neuron (2nd neuron) or effector (muscle or gland)

40
Q

Why have a synapse?

A

Keeps impulse unidirectional

41
Q

Synapse and memory

A
  • They also play a role in memory
  • As signals cross a synapse the association is strengthened
  • This is how memories are “built”
42
Q

Neurons can synapse with?

A
  • Other neurons
  • Muscles
  • Glands
43
Q

Sympathetic deals with

A

Fight-or-flight responses

44
Q

Parasympathetic deals with

A

Rest-and-digest responses

45
Q

Sympathetic nerves: Summary, origin, specific responses, neurotransmitter

A

Summary: Fight or flight
Origin: Thoracolumbar
Specific responses: Gland secretions decrease (saliva gets thick), GI tract inhibited, sphincters contract, pupils dilate, increased pulse rate
Neurotransmitter: norepinephrine

46
Q

Parasympathetic nerves: Summary, origin, specific responses, neurotransmitter

A

Summary: Rest-and-digest
Origin: Cranial-sacral
Specific responses: Gland secretions increase (saliva gets watery), GI tract stimulated, sphincters relax, pupils constrict, decreased pulse rate Neurotransmitter: acetylcholine

47
Q

Autonomic includes

A

Subconscious pathways

48
Q
  • Glands are closer to CNS
  • Short preganglionic neurons
  • Long post ganglionic neurons
A

Sympathetic

49
Q

Sympathetic trunk is

A

Ganglion and synapse

50
Q
  • Preganglion neurons arise from cranial or pelvic nerves
  • Ganglion are closer to organs
  • Long preganglion neurons and short postganglionic neurons
A

Parasympathetic

51
Q

Primitive brain comes from

A

Neural tube

52
Q

What germ layer does the brain from the neural tube derive from?

A

Ectoderm

53
Q

What if it doesn’t close at the caudal end?

A

Spina bifida

54
Q

The cephalons short version

A 
Prosencephalon 
• Telencephalon
 • Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon 
• Metencephalon
• Myelencephalon
55
Q

The cephalons long version

A 
Telencephalon
 • Cerebrum
Diencephalon
• Thalamus and hypothalmus
Mesencephalon
• Peduncles and Colliculi
Metencephalon
• Pons and Cerebellum
Myelencephalon
• Medulla oblongata
56
Q

For the brain, Gray is located on

A

Outside

57
Q

Gray is

A

Cell bodies & unmyelinated axons

58
Q

White is

A

Myelinated axons..

59
Q

Funiculus is the spinal cord is

A

White matter

60
Q

What is the communication between left and right hemispheres in the brain?

A

Corpus callosum



61
Q

How much energy does the brain use?

A

The human brain takes up 2% of human body weight but uses 20% of its energy

62
Q

Olfactory is

A
  • Odor detection

* Sensory

63
Q

Optic

A

Sight-Sensory

64
Q

Oculomotor, Trochlear & abducens

A

To the eye. eye muscles

65
Q

Trigeminal

A
  • Three branches
  • Face-sensory
  • Chewing-motor
66
Q

Facial

A
  • Motor to face

* Sensory from tongue

67
Q

Vestibulocochlear

A
  • Hearing and balance

* Sensory

68
Q

Glossophparyngeal

A
  • Tongue sensory

* Throat-motor

69
Q

Vagus

A
  • Visceral- sensory

* Throat- motor

70
Q

Accessory

A
  • Neck and upper back

* Motor

71
Q

Hypoglossal

A

Tongue-Motor

72
Q

What happens when a neuro damaged?

A
  • Depends on the damage
  • If cell body is damaged the neuron is lost and is not replaced
  • If axon is in PNS it may repair
  • If axon is in CNS usually no repair
  • Depends upon the neurolemma
73
Q

Why is there no repair to the CNS neurons?

A

Repair within the CNS is limited due to several factors.

  • Oligodendrocytes do not release a nerve growth factor
  • The large number of axons crowded within the CNS tend to complicate regrowth activities
  • Astrocytes & connective tissue coverings may form some scar tissue that obstructs axon regrowth

Human Anatomy (50 decks)

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