Chapter 1.4 Precise Language of Anatomy Flashcards
Descriptions of any region or body part require an
Initial point of reference and the use of directional indicators
In the anatomic position
An individual stands upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor. The head is level, and the eyes look forward toward the observer. The arms are at either side of the body with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body
By visualizing the body in anatomic position, all observers have common
Point of reference when describing and discussing its regions
Anatomists refer to real or imaginary “slices” of the body called
Sections or planes
The term section implies
An actual cut or slice to expose the internal anatomy
The word plane implies
An imaginary flat surface passing through the body
What are the three major anatomic planes through the body or individual organs are?
1) Coronal
2) Transverse
3) Midsagittal planes
Describe a coronal plane
Also called a frontal plane, it is a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.
When a coronal plane is taken through the trunk, the anterior and the posterior portion contains what
The anterior portion contains the chest and the posterior portion contains the back
Describe a transverse plane
Also called a cross-sectional plane or horizontal plane, cuts perpendicularly along the long axis of the body or organ.
For a transverse plane the body or organ is separated into what
Both superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts, and the relationship of neighboring organs at a particular level is revealed.
Computed tomography (CT) scans provide what type of anatomic plane
They provide transverse sectional images of the body for study
Describe a midsagittal plane
Or median plane, extends through the body or organ vertically and divides the structure into right and left halves
A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane, but either to the left or right, is termed what
A sagittal plane
A sagittal plane divides a structure into?
Right and left portions that may or may not be equal
How many numbers of midsagittal and sagittal planes are there?
There is only one midsagittal plane and an infinite number of sagittal planes
A midsagittal or sagittal plane is often used to show what
Internal body parts, especially in the head and thoracic organs
In addition to the 3 major planes (coronal, transverse, and midsagittal planes) there is a minor plane called
The oblique plane which passes through the specimen at an angle
Interpreting body sections has become important for who
Health-care professionals
To determine the shape of any object within a section, we must be able to
Reconstruct its three-dimensional shape by observing many continuous sections
Anterior means
In front of; toward the front surface
Give an example of anterior for the stomach and spinal cord
The stomach is anterior to the spinal cord
Posterior means
In back of; toward the back surface
Give an example of posterior for the heart and sternum
The heart is posterior to the sternum
Dorsal means
At the back side of the human body
Give an example of dorsal for the human body and spinal cord
The spinal cord is on the dorsal side of the body
Ventral means
At the belly side of the human body
Give an example of ventral for the body and the umbilicus (navel, belly button)
The umbilicus is on the ventral side of the body
Superior means
Closer to the head
Inferior means
Closer to the feet
Caudal means
At the rear of the tail end
Give an example of caudal for the abdomen and head
The abdomen is caudal to the head
Cranial means
At the head end
Rostral means
Toward the nose
Medial means
Toward the middle of the body
Lateral means
Away from the midline of the body
Deep means
On the inside, underneath another structure
Superficial means
On the outside
Proximal means
Closest to point of attachment to trunk
Distal means
Furthest from point of attachment to trunk
True or false. The elbow is proximal to the hand
True
True or false. The wrist is distal to the elbow
True
The human body is partitioned into two main regions called
The axial and appendicular regions
The axial region includes
The head, neck, and trunk; it forms the main vertical axis of the body
What makes up the appendicular region
Our limbs, or appendages, attach to the body’s axis and make up the appendicular region
Describe the abdominal region
Region inferior to the thorax (chest) and superior to the hip bones
Describe the antebrachial region
Forearm (the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist
Describe the antecubital region
Region anterior to the elbow; also known as the cubital region
Describe the auricular region
Ear (visible surface structures of the ear and the ear’s internal organs)
Describe the axillary region
Armpit
Describe the brachial region
Arm (the portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow
Describe the Buccal region
Cheek
Describe the calcaneal region
Heel of the foot
Describe the carpal region
Wrist
Describe the cephalic region
Head
Describe the cervical region
Neck
Describe the coxal region
Hip
Describe the cranial region
Skull
Describe the crural region
Leg (the portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle)
Describe the deltoid region
Shoulder
Describe the digital region
Fingers or toes (also called phalangeal)
Describe the dorsal region
Back
Describe the femoral region
Thigh
Describe the fibular region
Lateral aspect of the leg
Describe the frontal region
Forehead
Describe the gluteal region
Buttock
Describe the Hallux region
Great toe
Describe the Inguinal region
Groin (sometimes used to indicate just the crease in the junction of the thigh with the trunk)
Describe the lumbar region
Relating to the loins, or the part of the back and sides between the ribs and pelvis
Describe the Mammary region
Breast
Describe the manus region
Hand
Describe the mental region
Chin
Describe the nasal region
nose
Describe the occipital region
Posterior aspect of the head
Describe the olecranal region
Posterior of the elbow
Describe the oral region
Mouth
Describe the orbital region
Eye
Describe the palmar region
Palm of the hand
describe the patellar region
Kneecap
Describe the pelvic region
Pelvis
Describe the Perineal region
Diamond-shaped region between the thighs that contains the anus and selected external reproductive organs
Describe the per region
Foot
Describe the plantar region
Sole of the foot
Describe the pollex region
Thumb
Describe the popliteal region
Area posterior to the knee
The pubic region is
Anterior region of the pelvis
The radial region is
Lateral aspect of the forearm
The sacral region is
Posterior region between the hip bones
The scapular region is
Shoulder blade
The sternal region is
Anterior middle region of the thorax
The sural region is
The calf (posterior part of the leg)
The tarsal region is
Root of the foot
The thoracic region is
The chest or thorax
The tibial region is
Medial aspect of the leg
The ulnar region is
Medial aspect of the forearm
The umbilical region is
The navel
The vertebral region is
Spinal column
Internal organs and organ systems are housed within
Separate enclosed spaces, or cavities
Cavities are named according to
The bones that surround them or the organs they contain
The axial region is subdivided into two areas
The posterior aspect and the ventral cavity
How many cavities does the posterior aspect have
Two enclosed cavities which are the cranial cavity and the vertebral canal
The cranial cavity is formed by
The cranium (specifically, the neurocranium) and houses the brain
The vertebral canal is formed by
The individual bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord
The cranial cavity and the vertebral canal of the posterior aspect are two cavities that are encased in
Bone and thus are physically and developmentally different from the ventral cavity
The ventral cavity arises from a space called
The coelom that forms during embryonic development
The ventral cavity eventually becomes partitioned into
A superior thoracic cavity and an inferior abdominopelvic cavity with the formation of the thoracic diaphragm, a muscular partition that develops between these cavities
Both the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are lined with
Thin serous membranes
What are the layers that serous membranes are composed of?
Two layers, a parietal layer that lines the internal surface of the body wall and a visceral layer the covers the external surface of organs (viscera) within the cavity
Between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous membrane is
A thin serous cavity that is actually a potential space
A potential space is capable of becoming
A larger cavity
A serous cavity contains a film of what
Serous fluid that is secreted by the cells of the serous membranes
Serous fluid has the consistency of
Oil, and serves as a lubricant
The median space in the thoracic cavity is called
The mediastinum
The mediastinum contains
The heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels
Within the mediastinum, the heart is enclosed by
Two layered serous membrane called the pericardium
Outermost layer and forms the sac around the heart
Parietal pericardium
Forms the hearts external surface
The visceral pericardium
The potential space between the parietal and visceral pericardia; it contains serous fluid
Pericardial cavity
The right and left sides of the thoracic cavity contain the
Lungs, which are lined by a two-layered serous membrane called the pleura
The outer layer of the serous membrane of the lungs is called
The parietal pleura; it lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall
Inner layer of the serous membrane
Visceral pleura; it covers the external surface of the lung
Narrow, moist, potential space between the parietal and visceral layers is called the
Pleural cavity, and is the location of the lubricating serous fluid
The abdominopelvic cavity consists of
An abdominal cavity , which is superior to an imaginary line drawn between the superior aspects of the hip bones, and a pelvic cavity that is inferior to this line
The abdominal cavity contains most of the organs of
The digestive system, as well as the kidneys and ureters of the urinary system
The organs of the pelvic cavity consist of the
Distal part of the large intestine, the urinary bladder and urethra, and the internal reproductive organs
Moist, two-layered serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity
Peritoneum
Outer layer of serous membrane, lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity
The parietal peritoneum
Inner layer of the serous membrane, ensheathes the external surfaces of most of the digestive organs
Visceral peritoneum
The potential space between serous membrane layers in the abdominopelvic cavity is the
Peritoneal cavity, where the lubricating serous fluid is located
In the larger abdominopelvic cavity There are nine compartments called abdominopelvic regions which are delineated by using two transverse planes and two sagittal planes, they are
- Epigastric region
- Umbilical region
- Hypogastric region
- Right and left hypochondria regions
- Right and left lumbar regions
- Right and left iliac regions
The epigastric region is
The superior region in the middle column, typically contains part of the liver, part of the stomach, the duodenum, part of the pancreas, and both adrenal glands
The umbilical region is
The middle region in the middle column, typically contains the transverse colon (middle part), part of the small intestine, and the branches of the blood vessels to the lower limbs
The hypogastric region is
The inferior region in the middle column, typically contains part of the small intestine, the urinary bladder, and the sigmoid colon of the large intestine
The right and left hypochondria regions are
The superior regions lateral to the epigastric region. The right hypochondriac region typically contains part of the liver, the gallbladder, and part of the right kidney; the left hypochondriac region typically contains part of the stomach, the spleen, the left colic flexure of the large intestine, and part of the left kidney
The right and left lumbar regions are
The middle regions lateral to the umbilical region. The right lumbar region typically contains the ascending colon and the right colic flexure of the large intestine, the superior part of the cecum, the part of the right kidney, and part of the small intestine; the left lumbar region contains the descending colon, part of the left kidney, and part of the small intestine
The right and left iliac regions are
The inferior regions lateral to the hypogastric region. The right iliac region typically contains the inferior end of the cecum, the appendix, and part of the small intestine; the left iliac region contains the junction of parts of the colon as well as part of the small intestine
What are the four quadrants
Imaginary transverse and midsagittal planes pass through the umbilicus to divide the abdominopelvic cavity into
- right upper quadrant (RUQ)
- left upper quadrant (LUQ)
- right lower quadrant (RLQ)
- left lower quadrant (LLQ)
Describe the cranial cavity and is serous membrane present?
Formed by cranium; houses brain. No serous membrane is present
Describe the vertebral canal and is serous membrane present?
Formed by vertebral column; contains spinal cord. No serous membrane is present
Describe mediastinum and is serous membrane present?
Contains the pericardial cavity, thymus, trachea, esophagus, and major blood vessels. No serous membrane
Describe the pericardial cavity and is serous membrane present?
Contains the heart. The serous membrane present is pericardium
Describe the pleural cavity and its serous membrane
Contains the lungs. The serous membrane is pleura
Describe the abdominal cavity and the serous membrane
Bordered superiorly by the diaphragm and inferiorly by a horizontal plane between the superior ridges of the hip bones. Associated with the abdominal viscera, including stomach, spleen, liver, pancreas, small intestine, most of large intestine, kidneys, ureters. The peritoneum serous membrane is present
Describe the pelvic cavity and the serous membrane present
Region located between the hip bones and interior to a horizontal plane between the superior ridges of the hip bones. Associated with the pelvic viscera, including urinary bladder and urethra, internal reproductive organs, some of large intestine. The peritoneum serous membrane is present
The four areas of the abdominopelvic cavity formed by passing one vertical and one horizontal plane through the umbilicus (navel)
Abdominopelvic quadrants
The nine areas in the abdominopelvic cavity formed by two transverse planes and two sagittal planes
Abdominopelvic regions
A diagnostic method that involves listening to the sounds produced by various body structures
Auscultation
State of equilibrium, or constant internal environment, in the body
Homeostasis
Using the hands to detect organs, masses, or infiltration of a body part during a physical examination
Palpation
