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Human Anatomy > Final exam part two > Flashcards

Final exam part two Flashcards

1
Q

Connected to canaliculi by fine bile ductules

A

Bile duct

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2
Q

The bile duct is

A

A long tube-like structure that connects the liver to the intestine. The bile from the liver is transported to the intestine by the bile duct.

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3
Q

Collect bile from ducts of the liver lobes

A

Right & left hepatic ducts

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4
Q

Gallstones are when

A

Bile becomes too concentrated so crystals of insoluble materials results

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5
Q

Gallbladder is

A

Concentrates bile produced by the liver & stores this concentrate until it is needed for digestion.

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6
Q

The _____ connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct

A

Cystic duct

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7
Q

Phagocytic cells of the liver are

A

Reticuloendothelial cells or Kupffer cells. They have an immune function

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8
Q

What does the liver do to bilirubin?

A

Liver cells take in bilirubin and attach sugar molecules to it. This is then called ‘conjugated’ bilirubin which is passed into the bile ducts

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9
Q

Bilirubin is

A

A chemical gives bile its yellow/green colour. A high level of bilirubin in your blood will make you jaundiced (‘yellow’)

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10
Q

Cholesterol

A

A waxy substance produced by the liver and found in certain foods, is needed to make vitamin D and some hormones, build cell walls, and create bile salts that help you digest fat

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11
Q

Typically contains two layers of smooth muscle

A

Muscularis

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12
Q

Epithelium lining small intestine

A

Simple columnar

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13
Q

Contains dense irregular connective tissue & blood vessels

A

Submucosa

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14
Q

Lymphatic nodules in wall of ileum

A

Peyer patches

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15
Q

Attaches liver to anterior abdominal wall

A

Falciform ligament

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16
Q

Restricts chyme entry into small intestine

A

Pyloric sphincter

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17
Q

Epithelium lining esophagus

A

Stratified squamous

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18
Q

Sacs of large intestine wall

A

Haustra

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19
Q

Increase surface area of small intestine

A

Circular folds

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20
Q

Process to mix digested materials in small intestine

A

Segmentation

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21
Q

The ____ cells of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid (HCI)

A

Parietal

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22
Q

Material leaving the ascending colon next enters the

A

Transverse colon

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23
Q

The main pancreatic duct merges with the ____.

A

Common bile duct

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24
Q

True or false: Pancreatic juice is responsible for emulsifying (breaking down) fats

A

False

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25
Q

The “living” part of a tooth is the

A

Pulp

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26
Q

Most of the chemical digestion of our food occurs within the

A

Small intestine

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27
Q

What initial stages of digestion occur in the oral cavity?

A

Mastication (the action of chewing and mechanically breaking down food) triggers you’re exocrine glands to excret a watery liquid called saliva. Mechanical & chemical.

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28
Q

Anatomy of the circular folds of the small intestine

A

Circular folds of mucosa & submucosa.

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29
Q

What are the teniae coli & hausfrau, & how are they associated?

A

The teniae coli are three separate longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle on the outside of the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons. They are visible, and can be seen just below the serosa or fibrosa. The teniae coli contract lengthwise to produce the haustra, the bulges in the colon

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30
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder and what role does it play in digestion?

A

The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile, and then releases it into the duodenum to help absorb and digest fats

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31
Q

How is the urinary system involved in regulation of blood volume to the kidneys?

A

The kidneys control volume of interstitial fluid & blood under the direction of certain hormones. Changes in blood volume affect blood pressure, so the kidneys indirectly affect blood flow.

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32
Q

Anatomy of Villi in the small intestine

A

Fingerlike projections of mucosa

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33
Q

Anatomy of microvilli in the small intestine.

A

Folded, fingerlike projections of plasma membrane on apical surface of columnar epithelial cells

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34
Q

Histology of the mucosa

A

Has 3 components; 1) An inner (superficial) epithelium lining the lumen of the GI tract 2) An underlying areolar connective tissue (lamina propria
3) Thin layer of smooth muscle (muscularis mucosae

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35
Q

Histology of submucosa

A

Composed of either areolar or dense irregular connective tissue & has fewer cells than the lamina propria. Components include; lymphatic tissue, mucin-secreting glands that project ducts across the mucosa & open into the lumen of the tract in the esophagus & duodenum; blood vessels, lymph vessels nerves that extend fine branches into mucosa & muscularis

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36
Q

Histology of muscularis

A

Contains two layers of smooth muscle. Exceptions to this pattern include the esophagus & the stomach. Makes a sphincter.

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37
Q

Histology of Adventitia or serosa

A

Adventitia is composed of areolar connective tissue w/ dispersed collagen & elastic fibers.
Serosa has same components as adventitia but is covered by a visceral peritoneum

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38
Q

What are the specific features of the stomach tunic?

A

Contains 3 layers of smooth muscle

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39
Q

Renal fascia of the urinary system is

A

External to the perinephric fat & is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. It anchors the kidney to the posterior abdominal wall & peritoneum

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40
Q

Kidneys primary function is

A

To filter the blood

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41
Q

Blood is carried to the kidneys in a

A

Renal artery, segmental arteries branch from the renal artery w/in the renal sinus. They further branch to interlobar arteries, then arcuate arteries, then interlobular arteries, then afferent arterioles, glomerulus, then efferent arterioles then peritubular capillaries and vasa recta then to interlobular veins, to arcuate veins, to interlobar veins to the renal vein.

42
Q

Blood filtration in the kidneys occurs

A

At the glomerulus, & the blood remains highly oxygenated until it reaches the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta, where exchange of gases occurs

43
Q

The functional filtration unit in the kidney is the

A

Nephron

44
Q

What makes up the renal tubule?

A

The proximal convuluted tubule, nephron loop, & distal convuluted tubule

45
Q

Two types of nephrons are

A

Cortical nephrons & juxtamedullary nephrons

46
Q

Cortical nephrons

A

Approximately 85% of nephrons are of this type because the bulk of the nephron resides solely in the cortex, & their relatively short nephron loops barely penetrate the medulla

47
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons

A

Their renal corpuscles lie close to the corticomedullary junction, & their long nephron loops extend deep into the medulla. The vasa recta are associated with juxtamedullary nephrons

48
Q

Filtrate of the urinary system is

A

Water & it’s dissolved solutes.

49
Q

Tubular reabsorption of the urinary system occurs when

A

Substances in the filtrate move by diffusion or active transport across the wall of the renal tubules to return to the blood. All needed solutes & most water that formed filtrate are reabsorbed by the blood. As reabsorption occurs, some excess solutes, water, & waste products remain within the tubular fluid

50
Q

When does filtrate become tubular fluid?

A

Once filtrate begins to be modified

51
Q

Tubular secretion is

A

The active transport of solutes out of the blood into the tubular fluid.

52
Q

Once the tubular fluid exits the collecting duct, it is called?

A

Urine

53
Q

Urine consists of

A

Solutes & water that have been filtered as filtrate & secreted into the tubular fluid

54
Q

Podocytes are

A

Specialized cells of the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule. They have long processes called pedicels.

55
Q

Pedicels are

A

Long feet processes that wrap around the glomerular capillaries to support the capillary wall but not completely ensheath it.

56
Q

Filtration slits are

A

Separate the pedicles. Allow materials from the blood plasma to pass into the capsular space

57
Q

Fenestrated capillaries are

A

Glomerular capillaries are fenestrated capillaries. They have fenestrations or pores that allow materials to be filtered

58
Q

Function of the tall microvilli of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

Increase its reabsorption capacity.

59
Q

What are the thick and thin descending loop?

A

The descending limp is first lined with a simple cuboidal epithelium (thick descending limp) and then a simple squamous epithelium (thin descending limb)

60
Q

What is the thick and thin ascending loop?

A

The ascending loop is first lined with a simple squamous epithelium (thin ascending limb) then by a simple cuboidal epithelium (thick ascending limb)

61
Q

Primary function of the nephron loop?

A

To facilitate reabsorption of water & solutes from the tubular fluid

62
Q

Primary function of the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Secrete ions such as potassium (K+) & hydrogen (H+) into the tubular fluid. Reabsorption of water under the influence of ADH & Aldosterone

63
Q

Aldosterone

A

(Adrenal cortex) Secreted in response to low blood volume or low solute concentration in the tubular fluid w/in the kidney. Cause the distal convuluted tubule cells to increase water & sodium reabsorption from tubular fluid

64
Q

ADH

A

(Posterior pituitary) Secreted in response to low blood volume or low solute concentration in the tubular fluid w/in the kidney. Cause the distal convuluted tubule cells to increase water & sodium reabsorption from tubular fluid

65
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus is

A

Components are juxtaglomerular cells & a macula dense. These structures work together to regulate blood pressure.

66
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells are

A

Modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole located near the entrance to the renal corpuscle.

67
Q

The macula densa is

A

A group of modified epithelial cells in a distal convoluted tubule that touch the juxtaglomerular cells. Continuously monitor ion concentration in tubular fluid. Detect change & stimulate the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin

68
Q

Renin activates what?

A

The renin-angiotensin pathway, resulting in aldosterone production, which causes increases in blood ion concentrations & blood volume

69
Q

Rugae is

A

Mucosal folds. Allow for even greater dissension.

70
Q

Detrusor muscle is

A

Three layers of smooth muscles in the muscularis. These smooth muscle bundles exhibit such complex orientations

71
Q

Internal urethral sphincter is

A

At the neck of the urinary bladder. Involuntary, formed by the smooth muscle that encircles the urethral opening

72
Q

Involuntary, superior sphincter surrounding the neck of the bladder, where the urethra originates. This sphincter is circular thickening of the detrusor muscle & is controlled by the autonomic nervous system

A

Internal urethral sphincter

73
Q

The external urethral sphincter is

A

Inferior to the internal urethral sphincter & is formed by skeletal muscle fibers of the urogenital diaphragm. Voluntary controlled by the somatic nervous system

74
Q

Hilum is

A

The kidney has a concave medial border called the hilum. Vessels, nerves, & the ureter connect to the kidney here. Continuous with the renal sinus.

75
Q

Kidney stones are

A

Also called a renal calculus, formed from crystalline minerals that build up in the kidney. The minerals can condense to form hard, rocky structures.

76
Q

Micturition is

A

The expulsion of urine from the bladder, also called urination. Initiated by a complex sequence of events called the micturition reflex.

77
Q

Stretch receptors of the urinary system

A

When your bladder is about half full, the stretch receptors in the walls of your bladder become active and send signals along your pelvic nerves to your spinal cord.
A reflex signal is sent back to your bladder, which makes the detrusor muscle in the bladder wall contract. The contraction increases the pressure in your bladder, and this is what makes you want to pass urine.
Because the external sphincter is under voluntary control, you don’t urinate until you decide to relax this muscle.

78
Q

Most secretion occurs in this nephron segment

A

Distal convoluted tubule

79
Q

Expels urine outside the body

A

Urethra

80
Q

Conducts urine from kidney to bladder

A

Ureter

81
Q

Vessels involved in reabsorption

A

Peritubular capillaries

82
Q

Site of plasma filtration

A

Glomerulus

83
Q

Conducts blood out of the glomerulus

A

Efferent arterioles

84
Q

Stores urine until it is voided

A

Urinary bladder

85
Q

Structural units that constitute the medulla

A

Renal pyramid

86
Q

Location of renal corpuscle

A

Cortex

87
Q

Major calcyes empty into this funnel-shaped region

A

Renal pelvis

88
Q

Which organ is responsible for filtering the blood?

A

Kidney

89
Q

True or false: The bladder is lined with transitional epithelium

A

True

90
Q

Tubular fluid from the proximal convoluted tubule next travels to the

A

Nephron loop

91
Q

The apex of a renal pyramid is called the renal

A

Papilla

92
Q

True or false: The cortex is subdivided into renal pyramids

A

False

93
Q

Urine in a major calyx of the kidney next travels to the

A

Renal pelvis

94
Q

Reabsorption is the movement of fluid & solutes from the

A

Tubular fluid into the peritubular capillaries

95
Q

The micturition reflex controls

A

Voided of the filled bladder

96
Q

What are the basic functions of the urinary system?

A

Filters the blood, transports & stores urine, excretes urine, helps maintain blood volume, & regulates erythrocyte production

97
Q

Describe the connective tissue coverings that surround the kidney, from internal to external. Why are these coverings important to kidney structure & function?

A

Fibrous capsule, perinephric fat, renal fascia, & paranephric fat.

98
Q

Map the flow of blood into & out of the kidney. List which structures carry O2 blood & which carry deoxygentated blood. List structures responsible for gas exchange & reabsorption of materials from the filtrate

A

Renal artery(Oxygenated blood)>Segmental artery>Interlobar artery>Arcuate artery>Interlobular artery>Afferent arterioles>Glomerulus>Efferent arterioles>Peritubular capillaries & vasa recta(gas exchange, reabsorption of materials)>Interlobular vein(deoxygenated blood) >Arcuate vein>Interlobar vein>Renal vein

99
Q

What prevents urine stored in the urinary bladder from being forced back through the ureters to the kidney?

A

Internal urethral sphincter

100
Q

Trace the course of fluid movement, beginning with the production of filtrate in the renal corpuscle & ending with the expulsion of urine from the urethra

A

Nephron>Renal corpuslce>Glomerular>Glomerulus>Renal tubule>Proximal convoluted tubule>Nephron loop>Descending loop>Ascending loop>Distal convoluted tubule>Collecting duct> Renal pyramid>Renal papillae>Minor calyx>Major calyx>Renal pelvis> Ureter>Urinary bladder>Trigone>Internal sphincter
Female
Urethra>External sphincter> Urethral orifice
Male
Prostatic urethra>External sphincter>Membranous urethra>Penile urethra>Urethral orifice

101
Q

Why are the kidney coverings important to kidney structure & function?

A

Fibrous capsule: Maintains kidneys shape, protects from trauma, helps prevent infectious pathogens from entering the kidney
Perinephric fat: Surrounds kidney & offers cushioning & insulation
Renal fascia: Anchors kidney to posterior abdominal wall & peritoneum
Paranephric fat: Lies between the renal fascia & the peritoneium

Human Anatomy (50 decks)

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