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Human Anatomy > Exam 2 Part three > Flashcards

Exam 2 Part three Flashcards

1
Q

Type of muscle fiber that fatigues easily

A

Fast fiber

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2
Q

Muscle fiber plasma membrane

A

Sarcolemma

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3
Q

Muscle whose function opposes agonist

A

Antagonist

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4
Q

Connective tissue covering a fascicle (skeletal muscle fascicle)

A

Perimysium

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5
Q

Functional contractile unit of a skeletal muscle fiber

A

Sarcomere

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6
Q

Protein in thick filaments

A

Myosin

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7
Q

Sarcomere region with thin filaments only

A

I band

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8
Q

Muscle that surrounds an opening

A

Circular muscle

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9
Q

The resting tension within a muscle

A

Muscle tone

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10
Q

The more mobile attachment of a muscle

A

Insertion

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11
Q

The unit of muscle structure that is composed of bundles of myofibrils, enclosed within a sarcolemma, & surrounded by a connective tissue covering called endomysium is a?

A

Muscle fiber

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12
Q

During the contraction of a muscle fiber, myofibrils…

A

Shorten

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13
Q

In a convergent muscle, the fibers are?

A

Widespread over a broad area & joined at a common attachment site

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14
Q

The plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber is called the

A

Sarcolemma

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15
Q

In a skeletal muscle fiber a triad is composed of?

A

One transverse tubule & two terminal cisternae

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16
Q

During development, the ____ of a somite gives rise to the skeletal muscle

A

Myotome

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17
Q

What is a synapitc knob?

A

Expanded tip of an axon at the neuromuscular junction

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18
Q

The bundle of dense regular connective tissue that attaches a skeletal muscle to bone is called a(n)

A

Tendon

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19
Q

The muscle that assists the agonist is called the?

A

Synergist

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20
Q

Compare the roles of the three concentric layers of connective tissue wrappings in the organization of skeletal muscle

A

The 3 layers provide protection, sites for distribution of blood vessels & nerves, & a means of attachment to the skeleton

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21
Q

The endomysium electrically insulates each…

A

Muscle fiber. It has reticular fibers to help bind together neighboring muscle fibers & support capillaries

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22
Q

The perimysium contains extensive

A

Arrays of blood vessels & nerves that branch to supply each individual fascicle

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23
Q

The epimysium surrounds

A

The whole skeletal muscle

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24
Q

Describe the structure of tendons & their purpose in the body

A

Tendon structure: Thick, cordlike structure

Tendons purpose: Attaches the muscle to bone, skin or another muscle

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25
Q

Describe the structure of aponeuroses & their purpose in the body

A

Aponeuroses structure: Thin, flattened sheet

Purpose: Replaces a tendon in muscles that are flat and sheetlike & have a wide area of attachment

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26
Q

Ca++ bonds to troponin causing shift in

A

Tropomyosin

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27
Q

What is the structural & functional unit of the nervous system?

A

Neuron

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28
Q

Which two muscle tissues have striations?

A

Cardiac & skeletal

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29
Q

Skeletal muscle is derived from what tertiary development structure?

A

Myotome (somite is secondary structure)

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30
Q

What is rigor mortise?

A

Myosin heads don’t let go of actin active site because of lack of ATP after death

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31
Q

How are muscle fibers & neurons similar?

A
  • Both membranes can conduct action potentials
  • Both show all-or-none response
  • Both must reach a threshold level to trigger an action potential
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32
Q
  • One neuron & all the muscle cells it contacts

- allows for fine & gross muscle control

A

Motor unit

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33
Q

Less cells per motor unit=

A

Fine control

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34
Q

Most fibers are

A

Fast or white

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35
Q

Slow fibers can sustain

A

Contraction; have myoglobin & extensive blood supply (aerobic); red in color=red fibers

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36
Q

Moderate endurance, red in color, aerobic, numbers depend upon exercise, fast fibers become intermediate fibers when used heavily

A

Intermediate fibers

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37
Q

Atrophy is

A

Loss of muscle mass, lack of use, loss of proteins, may result in cell loss, never regain those cells

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38
Q

Hypertrophy is

A

Exercise, increase in mass, not increase in fiber (cells), more myofibrils, more mitochondria, more blood supply, more glycogen

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39
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

One neuron & all the muscle fibers it stimulates

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40
Q

Why might atrophy be permanent?

A

Loss of cells, connective tissue buildup

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41
Q
  • Fibers bundled at tracts
  • Cell bodies in nucleus
  • Myelin by oligodendrocytes
A

Central nervous system

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42
Q

Cell body off the side; sensory neurosn

A

Unipolar

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43
Q

A single dendrite & a single axon arising from opposite poles of the cell body

A

Bipolar

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44
Q

A nerve impulse is also called a

A

Action potential

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45
Q

Resting potential is

A

-70mv (millivolts)

46
Q

Speed is affected by size of?

A

Fiber

47
Q

Speed is affected by insulation of

A

Axons

48
Q

Describe the difference between a nerve and a neuron

A
  • Neuron refers to a single cell that has the ability to become “excited” & pass a nerve impulse along to a muscle, gland or another neuron
  • Nerve refers to a structure made up of the fibers of many neurons. These fibers are bundled up in connective tissue. The fibers may be carrying impulses only toward the CNS, in which case it will be a sensory nerve.
49
Q

Together the CNS & PNS perform 3 general functions

A

1) Collecting information
2) Processing & evaluating information
3) Responding to information

50
Q

Responsible for input

A

Sensory nervous system

51
Q

What are the functional divisions of the nervous system?

A

Sensory and motor nervous system

52
Q

The sensory and motor nervous system breaks down further to

A

Sensory nervous system: Somatic sensory & Visceral sensory

Motor nervous system: Somatic motor & Autonomic motor

53
Q

1) Contains receptors

2) Transmits information from receptors to the CNS

A

Sensory nervous system

54
Q

1) Transmits information from CNS to the rest of the body

2) Sends motor information to effectors

A

Motor nervous system

55
Q

The somatic sensory of the functional nervous system does what?

A

Receives sensory information from skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles, & special senses

56
Q

The visceral sensory of the functional nervous system does what?

A

Receives sensory information from viscera

57
Q

The somatic motor of the functional nervous system does what?

A

“Voluntary” nervous system: innervates skeletal muscle

58
Q

The autonomic motor of the functional nervous system does what?

A

“Involuntary” nervous system: innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, & glands

59
Q

Define ganglion

A

gangli = a swelling) A group of neuron cell bodies.

60
Q

What are the special senses?

A

Taste, vision, hearing, balance, & smell

61
Q

Responsible for output?

A

Motor nervous system

62
Q

The autonomic nervous system has two further subdivisions

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

63
Q

What are the two distinct cell types that form the nervous tissue?

A

Neurons: Excitable cells that are able to generate, transmit, & receive nerve impulses
Glial cells: Nonexcitable cells that support & protect the neurons

64
Q

This is sometimes called a nerve fiber

A

Axon

65
Q

Axon terminals are

A

Also called telodendria which are an array of fine terminal extensions. The extreme tips of these have slightly expanded regions called synaptic knobs

66
Q

The somewhat enlarged, often club-shaped endings by which axons make synaptic contacts with other nerve cells or with effector cells

A

Axon terminals

67
Q

Myelin sheath

A

(myel = marrow) The fatty insulating substance around many axons.

68
Q

Afferent neuron are

A

Also sensory neurons, that transmit nerve impulses FROM sensory receptors TO the CNS

69
Q

Efferent neurons are

A

Also called Motor neurons, that transmit nerve impulses FROM the CNS TO muscles or glands

70
Q

Describe the relationship and order of the sensory neurons, interneurons, & motor neurons

A

1) Sensory neurons carry afferent (input) signals to the central nervous system
2) Interneurons process info. in the CNS
3) Motor neurons transmit efferent (output) impulses from the CNS to effectors

71
Q

How do neuroglia differ from neurons?

A

1) They are smaller and capable of mitosis
2) Glial cells do not transmit nerve impulses
3) Glial cells assist neurons with their functions

72
Q

CSF is

A

Cerebrospinal fluid, a clear liquid that bathes the CNS & fills its internal cavities. Produced by the choroid plexus which is the ependymal cells & nearby blood capillaries that form a network.

73
Q

The smallest percentage of CNS glial cells

A

Microglial

74
Q

A collection of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS

A

Ganglion

75
Q

What is the main activity of axons?

A

Nerve impulse conduction

76
Q

Action potential is

A

Also known as nerve impulse, a rapid movement of an electrical charge along a neuron’s plasma membrane.

77
Q

Why is nerve impulse also known as action potential?

A

Because a nerve impulse is caused by an actual voltage (potential) change that moves along the plasma membrane of the axon

78
Q

The nerve impulse’s ability to travel along an axon is affected by

A

A process called myelination

79
Q

Define myelination

A

The process by which part of an axon is wrapped with a myelin sheath.

80
Q

Neurilemma is

A

Sometimes used to describe the delicate, thin outer membrane of the neurolemmocyte when it myelinates

81
Q

What are the two different myelinating glia cells

A

In the CNS, a myelin sheath forms from oligodendrocytes and in the PNS it forms from neurolemmocytes

82
Q

What gives the axon a distinct, glossy white appearance?

A

The high lipid content of the myelin sheath

83
Q

In the CNS, an oligodendrocyte can myelinate a portion of

A

Many axons

84
Q

In the PNS, a neurolemmocyte can myelinate a portion of

A

A single axon only

85
Q

Neurofibril nodes are

A

The small spaces that interrupt the myelin sheath between adjacent oligodendrocytes or neurolemmocytes. Also called nodes of Ranvier.

86
Q

What happens at the neurofibril nodes?

A

At these nodes and only at these nodes can a change in voltage occur across the plasma membrane & result in the movement of a nerve impulse

87
Q

Saltatory conduction is

A

The process in a myelinated axon, the nerve impulse jumps from neurofibril node to neurofibril node

88
Q

Large diameter, myelinated axons conduct nerve impulses rapidly to the skeletal muscles in the limbs using

A

Saltatory conduction

89
Q

Nerves are a component of the?

A

PNS

90
Q

Sensory neurons convey sensory information to the

A

Central nervous system

91
Q

Motor neurons convey motor impulses from the

A

Central nervous system to the muscles & glands

92
Q

Mixed nerves convey

A

Both types (CNS & PNS) of information

93
Q

Synapses are

A

Specialized junctions where axons terminate as they contact other neurons, muscle cells, or glands
where the nerve impulse is transmitted to the other cell

94
Q

Synaptic knobs are

A

Swellings that are formed by the synaptic endings.

95
Q

What do the synaptic knobs contain?

A

The synaptic knob is filled with membrane-enclosed vesicles containing a neurotransmitter

96
Q

Synaptic cleft is

A

A very narrow space where the plasma membranes of the presynaptic neuron & postsynaptic neuron are separated. Separates the synaptic knob & motor end plate

97
Q

Presynaptic neuron is

A

A neuron from the axon terminal of which an electrical impulse is transmitted across a synaptic cleft to the cell body or one or more dendrites of a postsynaptic neuron by the release of a chemical neurotransmitter

98
Q

Post-synaptic neuron is

A

A neuron to the cell body or dendrite of which an electrical impulse is transmitted across a synaptic cleft by the release of a chemical neurotransmitter from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron

99
Q

A neurotransmitter is

A

A signaling molecule. Most common is acetycholine (ACh)

100
Q

The neurotransmitter is only released from the

A

Presynaptic cell

101
Q

After the neurotransmitter is released what happens?

A

They then bind to receptor proteins found only in the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic cell, and this causes a brief voltage change across the membrane of the postsynaptic cell

102
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh) is

A

The most common type of neurotransmitter. They cause a brief voltage change across the membrane of the postsynaptic cell

103
Q

Synaptic vesicles are

A

Small secretory vesicles that contain a neurotransmitter, found inside an axon near the presynaptic membrane, and releases its contents into the synaptic cleft after fusing with the membrane

104
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

The point where a motor neuron meets a skeletal muscle fiber

105
Q

Norepinephrine is

A

A neurotransmitter, norepinephrine relays brain impulses from one cell to the next and is involved in arousal, attention and mood.

106
Q

Axon ending is

A

The somewhat enlarged, often club-shaped endings by which axons make synaptic contacts with other nerve cells or with effector cells. Also called end-feet, neuropodia, terminal boutons

107
Q

Describe a chemical synapse

A

1) A nerve impulse travels through the axon & reaches its synaptic knob
2) The arrival of the nerve impulse at the synaptic knob causes an increase in calcium ion (Ca2+) movement into the synaptic knob through voltage-regulated calcium ion channels in the membrane
3) Entering calcium ions cause synaptic vesicles to move to & bind to the inside surface of the membrane; neurotransmitter molecules w/in the synaptic vesicles are released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis
4) Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft to the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic cell
5) Neurotransmitter molecules attach to specific protein receptors in the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic cell, causing ion gates to open
6) An influx of sodium ions (Na+) moves into the post synaptic cell through the open gate, affecting the charge across the membrane
7) Change in the postsynaptic cell voltage causes a nerve impulse to begin in the postsynaptic cell
8) The enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) resides in the synaptic cleft & rapidly breaks down molecules of ACh that are released into the synaptic cleft. Thus AChE is need so that ACh will not continually stimulate the postsynaptic cell

108
Q

True or false: Acetylcholine is actively transported from the pre-synaptic membrane to the post - synaptic membrane

A

False

109
Q

True or false: If the post-synaptic membrane potential reaches threshold level, an action potential will be produced

A

True

110
Q

What factors effect the speed of an impulse?

A

The axon’s diameter & the presence (or absence) of a myelin sheath. The larger the diameter of the axon, the more rapidly the impulse in conducted because of less resistance to current flow as charged ions move into the axon. An axon with a myelin sheath conducts impulses many times faster than an unmyelinated axon because of the difference between saltatory & continuous conduction

111
Q

Why do we have synapses?

A

1) They make sure that the flow of impulses is in one direction only. Because the vesicles containing the transmitter are only in the presynaptic membrane and the receptor molecules are only on the postsynaptic membrane
2) They allow integration
3) They allow ‘summation’ to occur
4) They allow the ‘filtering out’ of continual unnecessary or unimportant background stimuli
5) For communication

Human Anatomy (50 decks)

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