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Human Anatomy > Final exam part three > Flashcards

Final exam part three Flashcards

1
Q

Adipose capsule is

A

Also called the perinephric fat. External to the fibrous capsule & contains adipose connective tissue that varies in thickness. Completely surrounds the kidney & offers cushioning & insulation

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2
Q

Homologous structures are

A

Structures derived from a common ancestor or same evolutionary or developmental origin

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3
Q

Derived from common developmental structures (primordia) & serve a common function in adults

A

Homologues

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4
Q

FSH

A

Follicle stimulated hormone. Released by GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) secretion. As levels of FSH increase, gonads produce significant levels of sex hormones & start the processes of gamete maturation & sexual maturation

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5
Q

Clitoris contains

A

Autonomic nervous system axons that stimulate feelings of arousal & sexual climax

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6
Q

Labia majora function

A

Protect & cover some reproductive structures

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7
Q

Glans penis function

A

Contain autonomic nervous system axons that stimulate feelings of arousal & sexual climax

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8
Q

Primordial follicles

A

Most primitive type of ovarian follicle. Consists of a primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of squamous follicle cells.

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9
Q

Primary follicles are

A

Forms from a maturing primordial follicle. Consists of a primary oocyte surrounded by one or more layers of cuboidal follicular cells (granulosa cells). Secretes estrogen as it continues to mature, which stimulates changes in the uterine lining

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10
Q

Primary oocyte

A

An oocyte that is arrested in the first meiotic prophase

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11
Q

Secondary follicle forms

A

From a primary follicle. Contains a primary oocyte, many layers of granulosa cells, & fluid filled space (antrum). W/in the antrum is serous fluid that increases in volume as ovulation nears.

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12
Q

Surrounding the primary oocyte are

A

two protective structures, the zona pellucid & the corona radiata

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13
Q

Zona pellucida is

A

A translucent structure that contains glycoproteins

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14
Q

Corona radiata is

A

External to the zona pellucid. Innermost layer of granulosa cells

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15
Q

Vesicular follicle forms

A

From a secondary follicle. Contains a secondary oocyte, numerous layers of granulosa cells, & a large fluid-filled, crescent-shaped antrum. Become large & can be distinguished by their overall size as well as by the size of the antrum

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16
Q

Secondary oocyte

A

Surrounded by a zona pellucid & the corona radiata. Has completed meiosis 1 & is arrested in the second meiotic metaphase

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17
Q

What happens when a vesicular follicle ruptures

A

And expels its oocyte (ovulation) the remnants of the follicle remaining in the ovary turn into yellowish structure called the corpus luteum

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18
Q

Corpus luteum is

A

Does not contain an oocyte. Secretes the sex hormones progesterone & estrogen which stimulate the continuing buildup of the uterine lining & prepare the uterus for possible implantation of a fertilized ovum

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19
Q

Corpus albicans are

A

When a corpus luteum regresses (breaks down), it turns into a white, connective tissue scar called the corpus albicans. Most are completely resorbed, & only a few may remain w/in the ovary

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20
Q

Progesterone is

A

A sex hormone secreted by corpus luteum. Stimulate the continuing buildup of the uterine lining & prepare the uterus for possible implantation of a fertilized ovum

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21
Q

Estrogen is

A

A sex hormone secreted by corpus luteum. Stimulate the continuing buildup of the uterine lining & prepare the uterus for possible implantation of a fertilized ovum

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22
Q

Maturation of a primary oocyte to a secondary oocyte

A

Oogenesis

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23
Q

Follicular phase occurs

A

During days 1-13 of an approximate 28-day ovarian cycle. At beginning of this phase FSH & LH stimulate 20 primordial follicles to mature into primary follicles .

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24
Q

Luteal phase occurs during days

A

15-28 of the ovarian cycle, when the remaining granulosa cells in the ruptured vesicular follicle turn into a corpus luteum

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25
Q

The corpus luteum secretes

A

Progesterone & estrogen that stabilized & build up the uterine lining, & prepare for possible implantation of a fertilized ovum

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26
Q

Ovulation occurs

A

On day 14 of a 28 day ovarian cycle & is defined as the release of the secondary oocyte from a vesicular follicle. Typically only one ovary ovulates each month

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27
Q

LH in the ovarian cycle

A

Luteinizing hormone. With FSH, produces a monthly sequence of events in follicle development. Stimulated by GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone).

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28
Q

Birth canal

A

Vagina

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29
Q

Normal site for implantation of a pre-embryo

A

Uterus

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30
Q

Contains two erectile bodies

A

Clitoris

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31
Q

Produces spermatoza

A

Testes

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32
Q

Produces follicles & sex hormones

A

Ovary

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33
Q

Secretion is milky, contains citric acid

A

Prostate gland

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34
Q

Houses the testes

A

Scrotum

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35
Q

Fertilization normally occurs here

A

Uterine tube

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36
Q

Contains 3 erectile bodies

A

Penis

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37
Q

Composed of sperm & seminal fluid

A

Semen

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38
Q

In the male, what cells produce androgens?

A

Interstitial cells

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39
Q

True or false; the testes produce a component of seminal fluid

A

False

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40
Q

Spermatogonia divide by mitosis to form a new spermatogonium &

A

A primary spermatocyte

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41
Q

Sperm are stored in the ____, where they remain until they are fully mature & capable of motility

A

Epididymus

42
Q

The female homologue to the penis is the?

A

Clitoris

43
Q

Ovulation occurs due to dramatic “peak” in which hormone?

A

LH

44
Q

True or false: The cervix projects into the vagina?

A

True

45
Q

Which structure contains a primary oocyte, several layers of granulosa cells, & an antrum?

A

Secondary follicle

46
Q

Spermatogonium: Number of chromosomes, haploid or diploid, Action

A

Chromosomes: 23 pairs (46)
Diploid
Divides by mitosis to produce a new spermatogonium & a primary spermatocyte

47
Q

Spermatogenesis is

A

The process of sperm development that occurs within the seminiferous tubule of the testis. Does not begin until puberty, when levels of FSH & LH stimulate the testis to begin gamete development

48
Q

All sperm develop from?

A

Primordial germ (stem) cells called spermatogonia

49
Q

Spermatids are

A

Secondary spermatocytes complete meiosis (go through meiosis II) & form spermatids. A haploid cell & is surrounded by the sustentacular cell, near the lumen of the seminiferous tubule. Have a circular appearance

50
Q

Spermatids: Number of chromosomes, Haploid or Diploid, Action

A

Chromosomes: 23
Haploid or Diploid: Haploid
Action: Undergoes spermiogenesis, where most of its cytoplasm is shed, & a midpiece, tail, & head form

51
Q

Acrosomal cap is

A

Structure that forms over the nucleus during speriogenesis, when the spermatid sheds its excess cytoplasm, & the nucleus elongates. Contains digestive enzymes that help penetrate the secondary oocyte for fertilization

52
Q

Seminiferous tubules are

A

Contain two types of cells: A group of non-dividing support cells called sustentacular cells, 2) A population of dividing germ cells that continuously produce sperm beginning at puberty

53
Q

Sustentacular cells are

A

Located w/in seminiferous tubules. Non dividing support cells. Assist with sperm development. Provide a protective environment for the developing sperm, their cytoplasm helps nourish the developing sperm. Release inhibit when sperm count is high.

54
Q

The sustentacular cells are secured together by tight junctions, which form a____

A

Blood-testis barrier

55
Q

Spermatozoa are

A

During the final stage of spermatogenesis, a process called spermatogenesis, the newly formed spermatids differentiate to anatomically mature spermatozoa or sperm.

56
Q

Immature spermatozoa are?

A

Spermatogonia

57
Q

When does the long tail of the sperm form?

A

As the spermatid elongates, a tail (flagellum) forms from the organized microtubules. The tail attaches to a midpiece (neck) region containing mitochondria & a centriole. Mitochondria provides energy to move the tail.

58
Q

Spermatogenesis occurs in the?

A

Seminiferous tubules

59
Q

What is the correct sequence of cells in spermatogenesis?

A

spermatogonium -> primary spermatocyte -> secondary spermatocyte

60
Q

During spermatogenesis, which of the following cells is the first to become haploid?

A

Secondary spermatocyte

61
Q

T or F:Meiosis II of spermatogenesis results in the formation of secondary spermatocytes

A

False

62
Q

T or F: During spermatogenesis, spermatids differentiate into spermatozoa

A

True

63
Q

Estrogen: Primary source of hormone, Effects

A

Source: Ovarian follicles (before ovulation), corpus luteum (after ovulation), or placenta (during pregnancy)
Effects: Initiates & maintains growth of the functional layer of the endometrium

64
Q

Progesterone: Primary source of hormone, Effects

A

Source: Corpus luteum or placenta (during pregnancy)
Effects: Primary hormone responsible for functional layer growth after ovulation; causes increase in blood vessel distribution, uterine gland size, & nutrient production

65
Q

Parts of the uterine tube are

A

Infundibulum, Ampulla, Isthmus, uterine part

66
Q

Infundibulum

A

The free, funnel-shaped, lateral margin of the uterine tube. It’s numerous individual fingerlike folds are called fimbriae which are not attached to the ovary but enclose it at the time of ovulation

67
Q

Ampulla is

A

The expanded region medial to the infundibulum. Fertilization of a secondary oocyte typically occurs here

68
Q

Isthmus

A

Extends medially from the ampulla toward the lateral wall of the uterus. Forms about one-third of the length of the uterine tube

69
Q

Primordial follicles are

A

The most primitive type of ovarian follicle. Consists of primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of squamous follicle cells.

70
Q

Primary follicles form

A

From a maturing primordial follicle. Consists of a primary oocyte surrounded by one or more layers of cuboidal follicular cells. Secretes estrogen as it continues to mature.

71
Q

Primary oocyte is

A

An oocyte that is arrested in the first meiotic prophase

72
Q

Secondary follicles forms

A

From a primary follicle. Contains a primary oocyte, many layers of granulosa cells, & a fluid filled space (antrum)

73
Q

Vesicular follicle forms from

A

A secondary follicle. Contains a secondary oocyte (surrounded by a zona pellucida & the corona radiate), numerous layers of granulosa cells, & a large, fluid-filled, crescent-shaped antrum. Become large & can be distinguished by their size & by size of antrum

74
Q

Secondary oocyte

A

Has completed meiosis I & is arrested in the second meiotic metaphase

75
Q

Corpus luteum is

A

Yellowish structure. Does not contain an oocyte. Secretes the sex hormones progesterone & estrogen. When it breaks down it turns into a white, connective tissue scar called the corpus albicans

76
Q

Corpus albicans are

A

When corpus luteum breaks down. White connective tissue scar. Most are completely resorbed, only a few remain w/in ovary

77
Q

Primordial follicle: type of oocyte, anatomic characteristics, time of first appearance

A

oocyte: Primary oocyte
Characteristics: Single layer of flattened follicular cells surround an oocyte
First appearance: Fetal period

78
Q

Follicular fluid is

A

A liquid which fills the follicular antrum and surrounds the ovum in an ovarian follicle. This fluid is rich in hyaluronic acid

79
Q

Germinal epithelium is

A

Thin simple cuboidal epithelial layer surrounding the ovary

80
Q

Tunical albuginea of the ovary is

A

Deep to the germinal epithelium. Connective tissue capsule. Homologous to the tunica albuginea of the testis

81
Q

Deep to the tunica albuginea, the ovary can be partioned into an outer _____ and an inner ______

A

Outer CORTEX

Inner MEDULLA

82
Q

The cortex of the ovary contains

A

Ovarian follicles

83
Q

The medulla of the ovary is composed of

A

Areolar connective tissue & contains branches of the ovarian blood vessels, lymph vessels, & nerves

84
Q

Oogonium is

A

Primordial germ cells called oogonia. Diploid cells, have 23 pairs of chromosomes. During the fetal period the oogonia start the process of meiosis, but are stopped at prophase I

85
Q

Polar body

A

Non functional cell that later deteriorates

86
Q

As the secondary follicle matures into a vesicular follicle, its primary oocyte finishes meiosis I, & two cells form. One of these cells recieves a minimal amount of _______ and forms a _________

A
  • Cytoplasm

* Polar body

87
Q

HCG is

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin. A hormone that enters the mothers bloodstream & acts on the corpus luteum. Secreted by the pre-embryo.

88
Q

Scrotum is

A

A skin-covered sac between the thighs, provides the cooler environment needed for normal sperm development & maturation. Homologous to the labia majora in female.

89
Q

Spermatic cord is

A

Multilayered structure. Originates in the inguinal canal. Wall consists of 3 layers: Internal spermatic fascia, cremaster muscle, external spermatic fascia

90
Q

Cremaster muscle is

A

One of 3 layers of spermatic cord wall. Formed from muscle fiber extensions of the internal oblique & its aponeurosis

91
Q

Tunica vaginalis is

A

Serous membrane that covers each testis anteriorly & laterally. Derived from peritoneium of the abdominal cavity. Has outer parietal layer & inner visceral layer that are separated by serous fluid.

92
Q

Tunica albuginea of testes

A

Thick, whitish, fibrous capsule. Covers testis, lies deep to visceral layer of tunica vaginalis. Thickens & projects into interior of the organ as mediastinum testis.

93
Q

Cremaster reflex

A

The cremasteric reflex is a type of superficial reflex that is present only in the human male. Involves involuntary contraction of cremaster muscle when inner portion of thigh is lightly stroked. Causes the scrotum and testicle to be pulled into an upward direction.

94
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Paired, located on posterior surface of urinary bladder lateral to ampulla of ductus deferens. Elongated, hollow organ. Merges w/ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct. Secrete a viscous, whitish-yellow fluid containing fructose, prostaglandins & bicarbonate

95
Q

Prostaglandins are

A

Secreted by seminal vesicles. Hormone-like substances that promote the widening & slight dilation of the external os of the cervix, which facilitates sperm entry into the uterus

96
Q

Fructose

A

Secreted by seminal vesicles. Sugar that nourishes sperm as they travel through the female reproductive tract.

97
Q

Prostate gland is

A

Compact, encapsulated organ. Located inferior to bladder. Includes submucosal glands that produce mucin, & more than 30 tubuloalveolar glands that open directly through numerous ducts into the prostatic urethra. Secretes a slightly milky fluid that is weakly acidic & rich in citric acid, seminalplasmin, & prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

98
Q

Seminalplasmin is

A

Secreted by the prostate gland. Antibiotic that combats urinary tract infections in the male

99
Q

Citric acid is

A

Secreted by the prostate gland. Nutrient for sperm health

100
Q

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is

A

Acts as an enzyme to help liquify semen following ejaculation

101
Q

Bulbourethral gland is

A

Paired, pea-shaped glands (Cowper glands). Located w/in urogenital diaphragm on each side of membranous urethra. Has a short duct that projects into the bulb of the penis & enters the spongy urethra. Tubuloalveolar glands, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Human Anatomy (50 decks)

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