Final exam part three Flashcards
Adipose capsule is
Also called the perinephric fat. External to the fibrous capsule & contains adipose connective tissue that varies in thickness. Completely surrounds the kidney & offers cushioning & insulation
Homologous structures are
Structures derived from a common ancestor or same evolutionary or developmental origin
Derived from common developmental structures (primordia) & serve a common function in adults
Homologues
FSH
Follicle stimulated hormone. Released by GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) secretion. As levels of FSH increase, gonads produce significant levels of sex hormones & start the processes of gamete maturation & sexual maturation
Clitoris contains
Autonomic nervous system axons that stimulate feelings of arousal & sexual climax
Labia majora function
Protect & cover some reproductive structures
Glans penis function
Contain autonomic nervous system axons that stimulate feelings of arousal & sexual climax
Primordial follicles
Most primitive type of ovarian follicle. Consists of a primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of squamous follicle cells.
Primary follicles are
Forms from a maturing primordial follicle. Consists of a primary oocyte surrounded by one or more layers of cuboidal follicular cells (granulosa cells). Secretes estrogen as it continues to mature, which stimulates changes in the uterine lining
Primary oocyte
An oocyte that is arrested in the first meiotic prophase
Secondary follicle forms
From a primary follicle. Contains a primary oocyte, many layers of granulosa cells, & fluid filled space (antrum). W/in the antrum is serous fluid that increases in volume as ovulation nears.
Surrounding the primary oocyte are
two protective structures, the zona pellucid & the corona radiata
Zona pellucida is
A translucent structure that contains glycoproteins
Corona radiata is
External to the zona pellucid. Innermost layer of granulosa cells
Vesicular follicle forms
From a secondary follicle. Contains a secondary oocyte, numerous layers of granulosa cells, & a large fluid-filled, crescent-shaped antrum. Become large & can be distinguished by their overall size as well as by the size of the antrum
Secondary oocyte
Surrounded by a zona pellucid & the corona radiata. Has completed meiosis 1 & is arrested in the second meiotic metaphase
What happens when a vesicular follicle ruptures
And expels its oocyte (ovulation) the remnants of the follicle remaining in the ovary turn into yellowish structure called the corpus luteum
Corpus luteum is
Does not contain an oocyte. Secretes the sex hormones progesterone & estrogen which stimulate the continuing buildup of the uterine lining & prepare the uterus for possible implantation of a fertilized ovum
Corpus albicans are
When a corpus luteum regresses (breaks down), it turns into a white, connective tissue scar called the corpus albicans. Most are completely resorbed, & only a few may remain w/in the ovary
Progesterone is
A sex hormone secreted by corpus luteum. Stimulate the continuing buildup of the uterine lining & prepare the uterus for possible implantation of a fertilized ovum
Estrogen is
A sex hormone secreted by corpus luteum. Stimulate the continuing buildup of the uterine lining & prepare the uterus for possible implantation of a fertilized ovum
Maturation of a primary oocyte to a secondary oocyte
Oogenesis
Follicular phase occurs
During days 1-13 of an approximate 28-day ovarian cycle. At beginning of this phase FSH & LH stimulate 20 primordial follicles to mature into primary follicles .
Luteal phase occurs during days
15-28 of the ovarian cycle, when the remaining granulosa cells in the ruptured vesicular follicle turn into a corpus luteum
The corpus luteum secretes
Progesterone & estrogen that stabilized & build up the uterine lining, & prepare for possible implantation of a fertilized ovum
Ovulation occurs
On day 14 of a 28 day ovarian cycle & is defined as the release of the secondary oocyte from a vesicular follicle. Typically only one ovary ovulates each month
LH in the ovarian cycle
Luteinizing hormone. With FSH, produces a monthly sequence of events in follicle development. Stimulated by GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone).
Birth canal
Vagina
Normal site for implantation of a pre-embryo
Uterus
Contains two erectile bodies
Clitoris
Produces spermatoza
Testes
Produces follicles & sex hormones
Ovary
Secretion is milky, contains citric acid
Prostate gland
Houses the testes
Scrotum
Fertilization normally occurs here
Uterine tube
Contains 3 erectile bodies
Penis
Composed of sperm & seminal fluid
Semen
In the male, what cells produce androgens?
Interstitial cells
True or false; the testes produce a component of seminal fluid
False
Spermatogonia divide by mitosis to form a new spermatogonium &
A primary spermatocyte
Sperm are stored in the ____, where they remain until they are fully mature & capable of motility
Epididymus
The female homologue to the penis is the?
Clitoris
Ovulation occurs due to dramatic “peak” in which hormone?
LH
True or false: The cervix projects into the vagina?
True
Which structure contains a primary oocyte, several layers of granulosa cells, & an antrum?
Secondary follicle
Spermatogonium: Number of chromosomes, haploid or diploid, Action
Chromosomes: 23 pairs (46)
Diploid
Divides by mitosis to produce a new spermatogonium & a primary spermatocyte
Spermatogenesis is
The process of sperm development that occurs within the seminiferous tubule of the testis. Does not begin until puberty, when levels of FSH & LH stimulate the testis to begin gamete development
All sperm develop from?
Primordial germ (stem) cells called spermatogonia
Spermatids are
Secondary spermatocytes complete meiosis (go through meiosis II) & form spermatids. A haploid cell & is surrounded by the sustentacular cell, near the lumen of the seminiferous tubule. Have a circular appearance
Spermatids: Number of chromosomes, Haploid or Diploid, Action
Chromosomes: 23
Haploid or Diploid: Haploid
Action: Undergoes spermiogenesis, where most of its cytoplasm is shed, & a midpiece, tail, & head form
Acrosomal cap is
Structure that forms over the nucleus during speriogenesis, when the spermatid sheds its excess cytoplasm, & the nucleus elongates. Contains digestive enzymes that help penetrate the secondary oocyte for fertilization
Seminiferous tubules are
Contain two types of cells: A group of non-dividing support cells called sustentacular cells, 2) A population of dividing germ cells that continuously produce sperm beginning at puberty
Sustentacular cells are
Located w/in seminiferous tubules. Non dividing support cells. Assist with sperm development. Provide a protective environment for the developing sperm, their cytoplasm helps nourish the developing sperm. Release inhibit when sperm count is high.
The sustentacular cells are secured together by tight junctions, which form a____
Blood-testis barrier
Spermatozoa are
During the final stage of spermatogenesis, a process called spermatogenesis, the newly formed spermatids differentiate to anatomically mature spermatozoa or sperm.
Immature spermatozoa are?
Spermatogonia
When does the long tail of the sperm form?
As the spermatid elongates, a tail (flagellum) forms from the organized microtubules. The tail attaches to a midpiece (neck) region containing mitochondria & a centriole. Mitochondria provides energy to move the tail.
Spermatogenesis occurs in the?
Seminiferous tubules
What is the correct sequence of cells in spermatogenesis?
spermatogonium -> primary spermatocyte -> secondary spermatocyte
During spermatogenesis, which of the following cells is the first to become haploid?
Secondary spermatocyte
T or F:Meiosis II of spermatogenesis results in the formation of secondary spermatocytes
False
T or F: During spermatogenesis, spermatids differentiate into spermatozoa
True
Estrogen: Primary source of hormone, Effects
Source: Ovarian follicles (before ovulation), corpus luteum (after ovulation), or placenta (during pregnancy)
Effects: Initiates & maintains growth of the functional layer of the endometrium
Progesterone: Primary source of hormone, Effects
Source: Corpus luteum or placenta (during pregnancy)
Effects: Primary hormone responsible for functional layer growth after ovulation; causes increase in blood vessel distribution, uterine gland size, & nutrient production
Parts of the uterine tube are
Infundibulum, Ampulla, Isthmus, uterine part
Infundibulum
The free, funnel-shaped, lateral margin of the uterine tube. It’s numerous individual fingerlike folds are called fimbriae which are not attached to the ovary but enclose it at the time of ovulation
Ampulla is
The expanded region medial to the infundibulum. Fertilization of a secondary oocyte typically occurs here
Isthmus
Extends medially from the ampulla toward the lateral wall of the uterus. Forms about one-third of the length of the uterine tube
Primordial follicles are
The most primitive type of ovarian follicle. Consists of primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of squamous follicle cells.
Primary follicles form
From a maturing primordial follicle. Consists of a primary oocyte surrounded by one or more layers of cuboidal follicular cells. Secretes estrogen as it continues to mature.
Primary oocyte is
An oocyte that is arrested in the first meiotic prophase
Secondary follicles forms
From a primary follicle. Contains a primary oocyte, many layers of granulosa cells, & a fluid filled space (antrum)
Vesicular follicle forms from
A secondary follicle. Contains a secondary oocyte (surrounded by a zona pellucida & the corona radiate), numerous layers of granulosa cells, & a large, fluid-filled, crescent-shaped antrum. Become large & can be distinguished by their size & by size of antrum
Secondary oocyte
Has completed meiosis I & is arrested in the second meiotic metaphase
Corpus luteum is
Yellowish structure. Does not contain an oocyte. Secretes the sex hormones progesterone & estrogen. When it breaks down it turns into a white, connective tissue scar called the corpus albicans
Corpus albicans are
When corpus luteum breaks down. White connective tissue scar. Most are completely resorbed, only a few remain w/in ovary
Primordial follicle: type of oocyte, anatomic characteristics, time of first appearance
oocyte: Primary oocyte
Characteristics: Single layer of flattened follicular cells surround an oocyte
First appearance: Fetal period
Follicular fluid is
A liquid which fills the follicular antrum and surrounds the ovum in an ovarian follicle. This fluid is rich in hyaluronic acid
Germinal epithelium is
Thin simple cuboidal epithelial layer surrounding the ovary
Tunical albuginea of the ovary is
Deep to the germinal epithelium. Connective tissue capsule. Homologous to the tunica albuginea of the testis
Deep to the tunica albuginea, the ovary can be partioned into an outer _____ and an inner ______
Outer CORTEX
Inner MEDULLA
The cortex of the ovary contains
Ovarian follicles
The medulla of the ovary is composed of
Areolar connective tissue & contains branches of the ovarian blood vessels, lymph vessels, & nerves
Oogonium is
Primordial germ cells called oogonia. Diploid cells, have 23 pairs of chromosomes. During the fetal period the oogonia start the process of meiosis, but are stopped at prophase I
Polar body
Non functional cell that later deteriorates
As the secondary follicle matures into a vesicular follicle, its primary oocyte finishes meiosis I, & two cells form. One of these cells recieves a minimal amount of _______ and forms a _________
- Cytoplasm
* Polar body
HCG is
Human chorionic gonadotropin. A hormone that enters the mothers bloodstream & acts on the corpus luteum. Secreted by the pre-embryo.
Scrotum is
A skin-covered sac between the thighs, provides the cooler environment needed for normal sperm development & maturation. Homologous to the labia majora in female.
Spermatic cord is
Multilayered structure. Originates in the inguinal canal. Wall consists of 3 layers: Internal spermatic fascia, cremaster muscle, external spermatic fascia
Cremaster muscle is
One of 3 layers of spermatic cord wall. Formed from muscle fiber extensions of the internal oblique & its aponeurosis
Tunica vaginalis is
Serous membrane that covers each testis anteriorly & laterally. Derived from peritoneium of the abdominal cavity. Has outer parietal layer & inner visceral layer that are separated by serous fluid.
Tunica albuginea of testes
Thick, whitish, fibrous capsule. Covers testis, lies deep to visceral layer of tunica vaginalis. Thickens & projects into interior of the organ as mediastinum testis.
Cremaster reflex
The cremasteric reflex is a type of superficial reflex that is present only in the human male. Involves involuntary contraction of cremaster muscle when inner portion of thigh is lightly stroked. Causes the scrotum and testicle to be pulled into an upward direction.
Seminal vesicles
Paired, located on posterior surface of urinary bladder lateral to ampulla of ductus deferens. Elongated, hollow organ. Merges w/ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct. Secrete a viscous, whitish-yellow fluid containing fructose, prostaglandins & bicarbonate
Prostaglandins are
Secreted by seminal vesicles. Hormone-like substances that promote the widening & slight dilation of the external os of the cervix, which facilitates sperm entry into the uterus
Fructose
Secreted by seminal vesicles. Sugar that nourishes sperm as they travel through the female reproductive tract.
Prostate gland is
Compact, encapsulated organ. Located inferior to bladder. Includes submucosal glands that produce mucin, & more than 30 tubuloalveolar glands that open directly through numerous ducts into the prostatic urethra. Secretes a slightly milky fluid that is weakly acidic & rich in citric acid, seminalplasmin, & prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
Seminalplasmin is
Secreted by the prostate gland. Antibiotic that combats urinary tract infections in the male
Citric acid is
Secreted by the prostate gland. Nutrient for sperm health
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is
Acts as an enzyme to help liquify semen following ejaculation
Bulbourethral gland is
Paired, pea-shaped glands (Cowper glands). Located w/in urogenital diaphragm on each side of membranous urethra. Has a short duct that projects into the bulb of the penis & enters the spongy urethra. Tubuloalveolar glands, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar epithelium
