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Human Anatomy > Exam 2 Part four > Flashcards

Exam 2 Part four Flashcards

1
Q

Resting potential is

A

The imbalance of electrical charge that exists between the interior of electrically excitable nerve cells and their surroundings.

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2
Q

The difference in charge between the interior & exterior of the cell is called

A

Resting membrane potential

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3
Q

For the nerve impulse, what does the resting membrane potential have?

A

The exterior of the cell has a net positive charge and the interior has a net negative charge

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4
Q

During depolarization what voltage-gated ion channel opens first and second?

A

Na+ gates open before K+ gates

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5
Q

Depolarization occurs because

A

More Na+ diffuse into the cell than K+ diffuse out of it

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6
Q

True or false: The sodium-potassium pump is involved in establishing the resting membrane potential

A

True

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7
Q

True or false: The nerve impulse is an electrical current that travels along dendrites or axons

A

True

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8
Q

An action potential occurs when?

A

A neuron is conducting a nerve impulse

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9
Q

The state during which no nerve impulse is being conducted

A

Resting potential

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10
Q

State during which the neuron is actively involved in conducting a nerve impulse

A

Action potential

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11
Q

The resting potential is at?

A

-70mv (millivolts)

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12
Q

The difference in ion displacement and thus the resting potential is largely maintained by a protein channel called the

A

Na+/K+ pump

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13
Q

The Na+/K+ pump is

A

Powered by ATP, it actively pumps Na+ ions out of the cell and K+ ions into the cell

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14
Q

Threshold is

A

The point at which increasing stimuli trigger the start of an afferent nerve impulse

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15
Q

The all-or-nothing for a nerve impulse means that

A

The ion channels are either open or closed; there is no half-way position

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16
Q

Define Depolarization for a nerve impulse

A

Reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated

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17
Q

Active transport for a nerve impulse is

A

When a neuron is at rest a charge difference is maintained between the inside and outside of the cell, this charge difference is produced & maintained largely by active transport using sodium-potassium pumps

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18
Q

What is diffusion of a nerve impulse?

A

When the K+ (potassium) and Na+ (Sodium) diffuse in and out of the neuron during an action potential

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19
Q

Monosynaptic reflex is

A

The simplest of all reflexes. The sensory axons synapse directly on the motor neurons, whose axons project to the effector

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20
Q

Give an example of a monosynaptic reflex

A

The patellar reflex, which physicians use to assess the functioning of the spinal cord

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21
Q

Polysynaptic reflexes have

A

More complex neural pathways that exhibit a number of synapses involving interneurons within the reflex arc. More prolonged delay.

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22
Q

An example of a polysynaptic reflex is

A

The crossed-extensor reflex, the reflex that supports postural muscle activity when you withdraw your foot from a painful stimulus

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23
Q

Effectors can be

A

1) A muscle, gland, or organ capable of responding to a stimulus, especially a nerve impulse
2) A nerve ending that carries impulses to a muscle, gland, or organ and activates muscle contraction or glandular secretion

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24
Q

Receptors are

A

Structures that detect stimuli

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25
Q

Glands are

A

A cell, a group of cells, or an organ that produces a secretion for use elsewhere in the body or in a body cavity or for elimination from the body

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26
Q

Considering “the all-or-none” rule of muscle contraction, how is it that we are able to have smooth & refined body movements?

A

While the muscle fibers obey all the all-or-none principe, the force and precision of muscle movement can be varied, depending on how many muscle fibers and motor units are activated

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27
Q

Muscle fatigue means

A

That you have exhausted the muscle past the point of it being able to use aerobic respiration

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28
Q

Define aerobic

A

A form of cellular respiration that requires oxygen in order to generate energy

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29
Q

Muscle belly (body) is

A

Main region that shortens & thickens when it contracts, Creates the Action

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30
Q

If a muscle can only contract (shorten in length) explain how it is that we can “push” an object. Give an example

A

By levers. Olecranon process

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31
Q

What is the order of skeletal muscle development?

A

1) Mesoderm
2) Somite
3) Myotome
4) Muscle

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32
Q

Describe the relationship between mesoderm, somites & myotomes in skeletal muscle development

A

1) Skeletal muscle tissue formation is initiated during the fourth week of development from blocks of paraxial mesoderm that form somites
2) Cells w/in a somite differentiate into 3 distinct regions; one being myotome which gives rise to skeletal muscles

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33
Q

How do muscles maintain homeostasis?

A

They help regulate our body temperature

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34
Q

The autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

Also called the autonomic motor. It innervates internal organs & regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, & glands without our control, Also known as the visceral motor system or the involuntary nervous system. Has two further subdivisions; parasympathetic and sympathetic

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35
Q

Fight-or-flight response is

A

A physiological reaction in response to stress, characterized by an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, elevation of glucose levels in the blood, and redistribution of blood from the digestive tract to the muscles. These changes are caused by activation of the sympathetic nervous system by epinephrine (adrenaline), which prepares the body to challenge or flee from a perceived threat
(Sympathetic nervous system)

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36
Q

Gray matter in the brain is

A

Houses motor neuron & interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, telodendria, and unmyelinated axons

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37
Q

The white matter in the brain is

A

Derives its color from the myelin in the myelinated axons

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38
Q

Rest-and digest responses are

A

When parasympathetic activity dominates, healing and regeneration occur. The body performs activities like digesting, detoxifying, eliminating, and building immunity

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39
Q

What is collateral ganglia?

A

Any of the sympathetic ganglia located in front of the vertebral column, outside the sympathetic chain, close to the viscera and arteries. It is mainly involved in the innervation of abdominal and pelvic viscera.

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40
Q

Define mesencephalon

A

The midbrain. Only primary vesicle that does not form a new secondary vesicle

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41
Q

Define telencephalon

A

Arises from the prosencephalon & eventually forms the cerebrum

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42
Q

What is diencephalon

A

Arises from the prosencephalon & eventually forms the thalamus, hypothalamus, & epithalamus

43
Q

The rhombencephalon is

A

The hindbrain

44
Q

The prosencephalon is

A

The forebrain

45
Q

The metencephalon arises from

A

The rhombencephalon & eventually forms the pons and cerebellum

46
Q

The myelencephalon derives from

A

The rhombencephalon & eventually forms the medulla oblongata

47
Q

The cerebrum is the location of

A

conscious thought processes & the origin of all complex intellectual functions. Identified as two large hemispheres on the superior aspect of the brain

48
Q

Neurulation is

A

When the neuroectoderm undergoes dramatic changes to form nervous tissue structures

49
Q

What is the primary germ layer derivative of neurons: brain & spinal cord, Glial cells: brian and spinal cord?

A

Ectoderm

50
Q

Pons are

A

A bulging region on the anterior part of the brainstem that forms from part of the metencephalon

51
Q

The thalamus refers to

A

Paired oval masses of gray matter that lie on each side of the third ventricle. Forms the superolateral walls of the third ventricle

52
Q

The hypothalamus is the

A

Anteroinferior region of the diencephalon.

53
Q

Peduncles are

A

Three thick tracts that link the cerebellum with the brainstem

54
Q

The medulla oblongata is

A

Formed from the myelencephalon. The most inferior part of the brainstem & is continuous with the spinal cord inferiorly

55
Q

The central nervous system forms primarily from?

A

The embryonic neural tube

56
Q

Caudal means

A

Towards the tail

57
Q

Cephalic means

A

Relating to the head or the head end of the body. Situated on, in, or near the head. Cephalic is synonymous with cranial, relating to the cranium or head

58
Q

Neural groove is

A

The gutterlike groove formed in the midline of the embryo’s dorsal surface by the progressive elevation of the lateral margins of the neural plate, resulting in the formation of the neural tube. Also called medullary groove

59
Q

Colliculi is

A

A small protuberance, especially one of two pairs in the roof of the midbrain, involved respectively in vision and hearing

60
Q

Nerve growth factor is

A

A protein that promotes development of the sensory and sympathetic nervous systems and is required for maintenance of sympathetic neurons

61
Q

A protein that stimulates the growth of sympathetic and sensory nerve cellS

A

Nerve growth factor

62
Q

Describe neuron repair following damage

A

.

63
Q

Why do neurons usually not repair in the CNS?

A

Limited due to several factors

1) Oligodendrocytes do not release a nerve factor, they inhibit axon growth by producing and secreting several growth inhibitory molecules
2) Large numbers of axons crowded within the CNS complicates regrowth activities
3) Astroctyes & connective tissue coverings can form scar tissue that obstructs axon regrowth

64
Q

Neurotransmitter of the postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division of the autonomic system

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

65
Q

Chemical stored at the ends of axons that is responsible for transmission across a synapse

A

Neurotransmitter

66
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

A

1) Olfactory
2) Optic
3) Oculomotor
4) Trochlear
5) Trigeminal
6) Abducens
7) Facial
8) Vestibulocochlear
9) Glossopharyngeal
10) Vagus
11) Accessory
12) Hypoglossal

67
Q

The function and sensory/motor function for Olfactory cranial nerve

A
  • Odor detection

* Sensory

68
Q

The function and sensory/motor function for optic cranial nerve

A
  • Sight

* Sensory

69
Q

The function and sensory/motor function for oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens cranial nerves

A
  • Eye muscles

* Motor ?CHECK?

70
Q

Function and sensory/motor function for trigeminal cranial nerve

A
  • Three branches
  • Face- sensory
  • Chewing- motor
71
Q

Function and sensory/motor function for facial cranial nerve

A
  • Motor to face

* Sensory from tongue

72
Q

Function and sensory/motor function for vestibulocochlear cranial nerve

A
  • Hearing and balance

* Sensory

73
Q

Function and sensory/motor function for glossopharyngeal cranial nerve

A

Both
Tongue-sensory
Throat-motor

74
Q

Function and sensory/motor function for vagus cranial nerve

A

Both
Visceral- sensory
Throat- motor

75
Q

Function and sensory/motor function for accessory cranial nerve

A
  • Neck and upper back

* Motor

76
Q

Function and sensory/motor function for hypoglossal cranial nerve

A
  • Tongue

* Motor

77
Q

Threshold level is

A

At the base of the hillock, or trigger zone, the stimulus must reach a specific threshold level in order to generate an action potential. At the threshold, a positive feedback look of Na+ influx will initiate

78
Q

A damaged axon can regenerate if

A

At least some neurilemma remains

79
Q

PNS axon regeneration depends upon 3 factors

A

1) Amount of damage
2) Neurolemmocyte secretion of nerve growth factors to stimulate outgrowth of severed axons
3) The distance between the site of the damaged axon and the effector organ

80
Q

How do neurolemmocytes help repair a damaged axon?

A

Through a regeneration process called Wallerian degeneration

81
Q

Cerebellum is

A

A large portion of the brain, serving to coordinate voluntary movements, posture, and balance. in back of and below the cerebrum and consists of two lateral lobes and a central lobe

82
Q

Where are ganglia and nuclei located?

A

In the central nervous system, a collection of neuron cell bodies is called a nucleus.

In the peripheral nervous system, a collection of neuron cell bodies is called a ganglion

83
Q

What does ganglia contain?

A

Mass of nerve tissue; a group of nerve cell bodies, especially nerve cells external to the brain or spinal cord

84
Q

What does nuclei contain?

A

A mass of nerve cells in the brain or spinal cord in which nerve fibers form connections

85
Q

Gray matter in the spinal cord is dominated by

A

The dendrites and cell bodies of neurons and glial cells and unmyelinated axons

86
Q

White matter in the spinal cord is composed of

A

Primarily myelinated axons

87
Q

Where is gray matter in the spinal cord located?

A

Centrally located, it resembles a letter H or a butterfly

88
Q

The gray matter in the spinal cord may be subdivided into

A

Anterior horns, lateral horns, posterior horns, and the gray commissure

89
Q

Gray Commissure is

A

A horizontal bar of gray matter that surrounds a narrow central canal. Contains unmyelinated axons and serves as a communication route between the right and left sides of the gray matter

90
Q

White commissure is

A

A narrow band of white matter that crosses the midline of the spinal cord posterior to the central canal and posterior gray commissure

91
Q

Gray matter and white matter in the brain

A

(Gray on outside, white in middle

  • Gray matter: houses motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, telodendria, and unmyelinated axons
  • White matter: Derives its color from myelin in the myelinated axons. Lies deep to the gray matter of the cortex. Within masses of white matter, the brain contains clusters of gray matter (cerebral nuclei)
92
Q

What is ganglionic neuron?

A

autonomic motor neuron that has its body in a peripheral ganglion and projects its (postganglionic) axon to an effector

93
Q

Ganglion Of Sympathetic Trunk are

A

Clusters of postsynaptic neurons located at intervals along the sympathetic trunks, including the superior cervical, middle cervical, and cervicothoracic ganglion, the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral ganglia, and the ganglion impar

94
Q

Thoracolumbar is

A

Pertaining to thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

95
Q

Cranial-sacral is

A

A therapy that uses gentle manual pressure applied to the skull, spine, and membranes to restore rhythmic flow to the craniosacral system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, cerebrospinal fluid, and surrounding membranes.

96
Q

Sympathetic Postganglionic Neurons

A

Postganglionic fibers are long and unmyelinated.

97
Q

Sympathetic Preganglionic Neurons

A

Preganglionic fibers are short and myelinated.

98
Q

Overview of parasympathetic pathways

A

Preganglionic axons from the brain & spinal cord innervate the viscera in the head, neck and trunk

99
Q

Overview of the sympathetic pathways

A

The right sympathetic

100
Q

Ganglia in sympathetic is

A

Closer to CNS

101
Q

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons

A

Preganglionic fibers are long and myelinated.

102
Q

Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

A

Postganglionic fibers are short and not myelinated

103
Q

Ganglion in parasympathetic is

A

Closer to organs

Human Anatomy (50 decks)

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