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2 - Animal Health & Disease > Lecture 8 - Heartworms > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - Heartworms Flashcards

1
Q

what are the hosts of heartworm

A

dogs, ferrets, sea lions, cats

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2
Q

T/F: more damage can occur to cats with heartworm infections because they are not a “good” host

A

TRUE

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3
Q

T/F: dogs older than 6 months old are susceptible to heartworm

A

FALSE - any age is susceptible

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4
Q

where do adult worms live

A

pulmonary artery

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5
Q

what is the intermediate host foe heartworms

A

mosquitoes

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6
Q

at what point in the lifecycle are heartworms infectious

A

L3

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7
Q

T/F: microfilariae are not L3s

A

TRUE

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8
Q

how long does it take for heartworms to mature in mosquitoes

A

10-14days

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9
Q

isoxazolines _____ mosquito survival after blood feeding

A

decrease

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10
Q

what is patency regarding heartworms

A

the time is takes for worms to mature and produce offspring in host (~`6-7 months post-infection)

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11
Q

when can tests detect heartworms

A

6 months post-infection

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12
Q

T/F: the # of adults in a host equals the # of microfilariae that infect the host

A

TRUE

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13
Q

T/F: heartworms have a shorter life cycle in cats

A

FALSE

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14
Q

what does aberrant migration of heartworms mean

A

migration to ectopic sites other than the pulmonary system

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15
Q

T/F: usually heartworm infections in cats are <5 worms

A

TRUE

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16
Q

how are cats infected with heartworm

A

bitten by mosquitoes that have fed on infected dogs

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17
Q

what does the severity of heartworm disease depend on

A
  1. # of adult worms
  2. duration of infection
  3. individual host response
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18
Q

T/F: heartworm disease is a multiple organ disease

A

TRUE

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19
Q

what are the 2 hallmarks of pulmonary arterial disease

A
  1. inflammation (endarteritis damage from friction of flow)
  2. villous thickening
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20
Q

what is the pathologic appearance of pulmonary arterial disease

A

roughened, stippled appearance

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21
Q

what does vessel thickening lead to

A
  • loss of elasticity
  • increased pressure
  • R side enlargement, CHF w/ascites
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22
Q

what is Wolbachia

A

endosymbionts in filarioid nematodes

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23
Q

what is the role of Wolbachia in pathogenesis

A

associated proteins induce innate inflammatory response

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24
Q

what are the 3 stages of feline HWD

A
  1. worms reach lung vessels and induce an acute inflammatory response
  2. dying worms induce inflammation and thromboembolism
  3. chronic respiratory disease
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25
Q

what is HARD

A

heartworm-associated respiratory disease (stage 1 feline HWD) commonly mistaken for asthma

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26
Q

what are the 2 outcomes of stage 2 feline HWD

A
  1. acute lung injury
  2. sudden death
27
Q

what is the outcome of stage 3 feline HWD

A

hyperplasia of alveolar cells

28
Q

what is caval syndrome

A

large number of worms obstructs blood floe through the tricuspid valve and results in death within 12-72 hours

29
Q

how is caval syndrome treated

A

surgical removal of worms via jugular v.

30
Q

what are the symptoms of heartworm disease in dogs

A
  1. chronic cough
  2. dyspnea
  3. decreased exercise tolerance
  4. syncope
  5. hemoptysis
  6. CHF
31
Q

what percentage of feline heartworm cases are completely indoor cats

A

33%

32
Q

what are the symptoms of heartworm disease in cats

A
  1. V+ unrelated to eating
  2. lethargy, weight loss
  3. systolic heart murmur
  4. respiratory distress
  5. seizures, ataxia
  6. sudden death
33
Q

what does the heartworm antigen test detect

A

female uterine antigen

34
Q

what infections would not be detected with the antigen test

A
  1. single-sex infections (male)
  2. prepatent infection (<5months)
  3. low burden
35
Q

ELISA is _____ or a lateral flow-based test

A

immunochromatographic

36
Q

T/F: immunodiagnostic test is available for cats but less sensitive

A

TRUE

37
Q

how do positive and negative results differ for a feline immunodiagnostic test

A

positive = has been infected before, but titers stay high after death

negative = not been infected (at least not recently)

38
Q

T/F: a negative antigen test is definitive

A

FALSE

39
Q

when should puppies be tested for heartworm

A

7-8 months of age

40
Q

why should you microfilariae test

A

confirms positive antigen test and identifies reservoir of infection

41
Q

direct smears detect ____ of patent infections

A

75%

42
Q

knott’s test

A

spin/concentrate blood sample and then look

43
Q

what is nonpathogenic, transmitted by fleas, but bears resemblance to MF of heartworms

A

A. (D.) reconditum

44
Q

what is the appearance of heartworm microfilariae versus A. reconditum

A

heartworm = tapered tip
A. reconditum = blunt

45
Q

pulmonary thromboembolism can occur when after treatment

A

7-10 days

46
Q

T/F: particularly toxic drug given extravascular will lead to sloughing

A

TRUE

47
Q

why is the 3-dose melarsomine therapy recommended

A

increased safety and efficacy to kill more worms

48
Q

when should a repeat HW antigen test be done after treatment

A

9 months

49
Q

describe the 2-dose melarsomine treatment

A

day 0 -melarsomine injection 1
exercise restriction
day 30 - melarsomine injection 2
exercise restriction

50
Q

describe the 3-dose melarsomine treatment

A

day 0 - melarsomine injection 1
exercise restriction
day 30 - melarsomine injection 2
day 31 - melarsomine injection 3
exercise restriction

51
Q

does the 2-dose or 3-dose schedules diminish the degree of insult to pulmonary vasculature and tissue

A

3-dose

52
Q

T/F: ML preventative should be started before melarsomine tx

A

TRUE

53
Q

how many months is a patient on ML before receiving their first dose of melarsomine

A

2 months

54
Q

doxycycline is given for ____ prior to adulticide tx and reduces the risk of thromboembolism

A

28 days

55
Q

what drug may be added to an adulticide tx as an alternative

A

prednisone (during immiticide tx)

56
Q

how long should exercise be restricted during tx

A

1 month after 1st dose, 2 months after 2nd/3rd dose

57
Q

T/F: there are no satisfactory tx for feline HWD

A

TRUE

58
Q

how is HWD treated in cats

A

steroids + prophylaxis with monthly ML

59
Q

T/F: heartworm prophylaxis is recommended for warm seasons

A

FALSE - year-round

60
Q

what are oral macrocyclic lactones

A
  1. ivermectin
  2. milbemycin oxime
  3. moxidectin
61
Q

what are topical macrocyclic lactones

A
  1. moxidectin
  2. selamectin
62
Q

what breed has a high sensitivity to macrocyclic lactones

A

collies

63
Q

T/F: slow kill programs NEED doxycycline

A

TRUE

2 - Animal Health & Disease (15 decks)

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