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2 - Animal Health & Disease > Lecture 7 - autonomic pharmacology 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - autonomic pharmacology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what does cAMP inhibit

A

myosin light chain kinase

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2
Q

what are the anatomic locations of alpha-1 receptors

A
  1. vascular smooth muscle
  2. iris
  3. urinary tract sphincters
  4. GI smooth muscle
  5. CNS
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3
Q

what are the anatomic locations of alpha-2 receptors

A
  1. blood vessels
  2. glands
  3. GI tract
  4. eyes/CNS
  5. platelets
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4
Q

describe the properties of alpha-adrenergic agonists. give examples

A
  • naturally occurring and synthetic
  • evoke responses of the SNS

ex: epinephrine, norepinephrine, phenylephrine, ephedrine

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5
Q

T/F: the selectivity of a drug can be dose-dependent

A

TRUE

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6
Q

what are the 4 general uses of alpha-1 agonists

A
  1. vasoconstriction
  2. treat anaphylaxis
  3. manage urinary incontinence
  4. mydriasis
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7
Q

classify epinephrine

selective or non-selective?
common uses?
routes of administration?

A
  1. non-selective (all alpha and beta receptors)
  2. CPR, anaphylactic shock, local anesthetics
  3. IV, interosseous, intratracheal, topical
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8
Q

a high dose of epinephrine will cause

A

vasoconstriction at A1

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9
Q

T/F: epinephrine is the preferred drug to use as a local anesthetic for tail or digit amputations due to its vasoconstriction properties

A

FALSE - can cause tissue necrosis

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10
Q

a low dose of epinephrine will cause

A

vasodilation at B2

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11
Q

what cardiac effects can be seen by epinephrine usage

A

increased heart rate and force of contraction

may result in VPCs or V-fib

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12
Q

classify norepinephrine

selective or non-selective?
common uses?
routes of administration?

A
  1. selective for alpha effects (will bind B1)
  2. manage hypotension under anesthesia
  3. IV, infusion
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13
Q

do we need to give a loading dose of norepinephrine? why?

A

No - short half-life will reach a steady state quickly

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14
Q

classify dopamine

selective or non-selective?
common uses?
routes of administration?

A
  1. dose-dependent selectivity
  2. hypotension under anesthesia
  3. infusion
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15
Q

T/F: dopamine formulations are made to last long periods

A

FALSE - has a short half-life and formulations do not have preservatives

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16
Q

what is the most selective alpha-1 agonist

A

phenylephrine

17
Q

classify phenylephrine

selective or non-selective?
common uses?
routes of administration?

A
  1. most selective
  2. increase BP, nasal edema tx, nephrosplenic entrapment (vasoconstriction)
  3. topical, infusion
18
Q

what are the s4 ide effects of phenylephrine

A
  1. tissue/organ damage from decreased blood flow
  2. hypertension
  3. reflex bradycardia
  4. arrhythmias
19
Q

at low doses, dopamine binds _____ receptors

A

dopaminergic

20
Q

at medium doses, dopamine binds ____ receptors

A

beta

21
Q

at high doses, dopamine binds ____ receptors

A

alpha

22
Q

what alpha agonist crosses the blood-brain barrier

A

ephedrine

23
Q

classify ephedrine

selective or non-selective?
common uses?
routes of administration?

A
  1. mixed (direct and indirect)
  2. maintain BP, decongestant, bronchodilation
  3. oral
24
Q

what are the direct effects of ephedrine

A

a1 and beta receptor binding

25
Q

what are the indirect effects of ephedrine

A

increase NE release

26
Q

what are the side effects of ephedrine use

A
  1. hypertension
  2. arrhythmias
  3. urinary sphincter contraction
  4. CNS stimulation
27
Q

define sympatholytic

A

blocks actions of the sympathetic nervous system

28
Q

what are alpha-1 antagonist drugs?

A
  1. phenoxybenzamine
  2. prazosin
29
Q

T/F: phenoxybenzamine binds irreversibly to receptors

A

TRUE

30
Q

classify phenoxybenzamine

selective or non-selective?
common uses?
routes of administration?

A
  1. non-specific
  2. hypertension, urinary retention
  3. oral (needs compounding)
31
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

malignant, functional adrenal tumor that increases epi/norepi

32
Q

under what conditions will phenoxybenzamine be avoided

A

if the patient is at risk for hypotension, going into systemic shock, or CHF

chronic use may be avoided with patients with preexisting kidney disease

33
Q

T/F: phenoxybenzamine can cause hypotension and reflex tachycardia under anesthesia

A

TRUE

34
Q

classify prazosin

selective or non-selective?
common uses?
routes of administration?

A
  1. more selective for A1
  2. oral
  3. vasodilation (uncontrolled hypertension), smooth muscle relaxation
35
Q

what organs will be affected in uncontrolled hypertension

A
  1. brain
  2. kidneys
  3. eyes
  4. heart
36
Q

what precautions should be taken with prazosin use

A
  • caution with chronic renal failure (hypotension will decrease flow to kidneys)
  • bradycardia possible due to decreased sympathetic outflow
  • CNS effects
37
Q

what drug blocks NE uptake and storage to “calm” equine patients

A

reserpine

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