Lecture 59 - Epidemiology 11 (outbreak) Flashcards
what are the top 2 purposes of surveillance
- early warning of disease problems
- quantitative base to define objectives for action
endemic
amount of a particular disease that is usually present in a population
hyperendemic
persistent, high levels of disease occurrence
sporadic
disease occasionally occurs at regular intervals
epidemic
an, often sudden, increase in the number of cases of disease above what is typically expected in a given group/over a period
outbreak
same definition as an epidemic, but typically used for a more limited geographic area
cluster
an aggregation of cases grouped in place and time that are suspected to be greater than the number expected
pandemic
an epidemic that have spread over several countries or continents
enzootic
amount of particular disease present in an animal population
epizootic
an, often sudden, increase in the number of cases of disease in an animal population above what is typically expected in a given group/over a period
what factors may lead to an epidemic
- amount of virulence
- novel setting
- enhanced mode of transmission
- environment conducive
- host susceptibility
- increase in host exposure
case definition
- set of clinical signs/symptoms or laboratory findings
- occurring during a particular time period
- occurring after the individual was in one or more specific settings
what is an epi curve? what can it tell you about an outbreak?
describes magnitude, time trend, outliers, and pattern of spread for a disease
what are the epidemic patterns of an epi curve
- common source (point, intermittent, continuous)
- propagated
- mixed
point-source outbreak
common source exposure over a relatively brief period
continuous-source outbreak
common source exposure over longer time period
intermittent-source outbreak
common source exposure over intermittent period
propagated outbreak
from one individual to another
mixed outbreak
combination of patterns
“other” outbreak
zoonotic or vectorborne disease that occur when the prevalence of infection in the host species, presence of vectors, and human-vector interactions are sufficient
what are the categories of control measures
- directed at source (treatment of individuals, isolation)
- directed towards individuals susceptible to agents (prophylaxis, vaccines, barrier techniques)
