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2 - Animal Health & Disease > Lecture 60, 61, 62 - Urogenital Parasites > Flashcards

Lecture 60, 61, 62 - Urogenital Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

capillaria are

A

adult worms associated with epithelium

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2
Q

describe the life cycle of capillaria

A
  1. eggs passed in urine
  2. ingested by earthworms (IH) and hatch to larvae
  3. ingestion by canid or felid (DH)
  4. larvae migrate to urinary bladder mucosa and develop to adults
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3
Q

what is the pathogenesis of capillaria

A

adult worms embed in the bladder mucosa and cause inflammation

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4
Q

how can capillaria be diagnosed

A

urine sediment exam

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5
Q

T/F: there are no FDA approved drug treatments for capillaria

A

TRUE

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6
Q

T/F: those infected by capillaria are usually symptomatic

A

FALSE

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7
Q

summarize the apicomplexan life cycle in the GI tract of the definitive host

A
  1. sporozoites ingested
  2. infect enterocytes
  3. merozoite
  4. asexual replication (merogony)
  5. meronts contain merozoites
  6. signal tells merozoites to become gametes
  7. sexual fertilization
  8. oocysts
  9. sporulation
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8
Q

summarize the apicomplexan life cycle beyond the GI tract of the definitive host

A
  1. sporozoites ingested
  2. infect enterocytes
  3. systemic migration to brain, muscle, placenta, liver cells, etc.
  4. fast asexual reproduction (tachyzoites) causes a lot of damage
  5. reproduction slows (bradyzoites)
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9
Q

describe the oocyst of neospora caninum

A

small, spherical, smooth coat, no polar cap

unsporulated when passed (1-3days to sporulate)

sporulated oocyst contains 2 sporcysts w/ 4 sporozoites

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10
Q

T/F: bradyzoite facilitates persistent infection

A

TRUE

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11
Q

describe the dog-to-cow transmission of neospora

A
  1. cattle ingest food contaminated with sporulated oocysts from canid feces
  2. sporozoites penetrate intestinal lining
  3. zoites move to extra-intestinal cells
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12
Q

describe cow-to-dog transmission of neospora

A
  1. dogs ingest tissue cysts from bovine placenta, fetus, and other bovine tissues
  2. intestinal cells infected with some sexual repro
  3. oocysts shed 5-13 days post ingestion
  4. sporulate after 1-3 days
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13
Q

describe congenital transmission (cow-to-calf)

A
  1. ingested sporozoites DURING PREGNANCY become tachyzoites and infect fetus
  2. latent bradyzoites transform and infect fetus
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14
Q

describe transgenerational transmission (cow-to-calf)

A

an infected fetus survives and passes neospora to offspring

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15
Q

T/F; N. caninum tachyzoites have placental tropism

A

TRUE

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16
Q

the direct damage to placenta by N. caninum causes

17
Q

what clinical disease does N. caninum cause

A
  • mid-to-late term abortions
  • usually 1st post-infection pregnancy
  • if abortion storm, suspect feed contamination
18
Q

how is N. caninum diagnosed

A
  1. Serology, PCR, histology
  2. antibody test for whole milk
  3. diagnostic arrays for cows/aborted fetus
19
Q

T/F: there are proven treatment for cattle infected with N. caninum

20
Q

T/F: N. caninum not zoonotic

21
Q

how is N. caninum controlled

A
  1. limit exposure to canids
  2. farm hygiene removes aborted fetus
  3. cull seropositive cells/mid-term abortions
  4. do not feed dogs raw meat
22
Q

what stage of the life cycle in not infective

A

unsporulated oocysts

23
Q

describe tritrichomonas foetus

A
  • trophozoite only
  • urogenital and GI tracts
  • specific host-pathogen interactions
24
Q

what is the primary host of tritrichomonas foetus

A

cows/bulls

25
Q

how is tritrichomonas foetus transmitted

A
  1. sexual
  2. artificial insemination
26
Q

how does tritrichomonas foetus reproduce

A

binary fission

27
Q

describe T. foetus pathology in cows/heifers

A
  • indirect damage to epithelial cells of repro tract
  • vaginitis + endometritis causing abortion, infertility, pyometra
  • infection is self limiting
28
Q

describe T. foetus pathology in bulls

A
  • attachment to epithelial cells lining the penis, prepuce, and distal portion of urethra
  • no damage to cells, change in semen quality or sexual behavior
  • serve as reservoir
29
Q

what are the 3 clinical signs of bovine trichomoniasis

A
  1. abortions (early-to-mid)
  2. failed pregnancy, infertility
  3. more open and late cows
30
Q

how can bovine trichomoniasis be diagnosed

A
  1. microscopic examination of fresh wet-mounts
  2. culture kits
  3. PCR
31
Q

T/F: samples for bovine trichomoniasis testing are collected vaginally

A

FALSE - use preputal wash

32
Q

T/F: positive bovine trichomoniasis results are reportable

33
Q

how can bovine trichomoniasis be controlled

A
  1. strict surveillance of bulls/closed herds
  2. cull positive bulls
  3. replace bulls > 4 y/o
  4. use hygienic AI
  5. vaccinate
34
Q

T/F: bovine trichomoniasis is reportable in North Carolina

35
Q

what are the risk factors for bovine trichomoniasis

A
  1. bulls > 4 y/o
  2. grazing on public land/comingling herds
  3. herds > 500 cows
  4. large sire herds

2 - Animal Health & Disease (61 decks)

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