Lecture 14 - Autonomic Pharmacology 2

Question 1

what alpha 1 agonist can be administered as an infusion to increase blood pressure and contractility during anesthesia or sepsis

Answer 1

norepinephrine

Question 2

what alpha 1 agonist can be administered intranasally to cause local vasoconstriction and help reduce edema in the nasal passage

Answer 2

phenylephrine

Question 3

what alpha 1 agonist can be administered IV or IT during cardiopulmonary arrest

Answer 3

epinephrine

Question 4

where are beta 1 receptors found

Answer 4

heart

Question 5

where are beta 2 receptors found

Answer 5

lungs

Question 6

what beta-agonists are used for cardiovascular stimulation

Answer 6

dobutamine and dopamine

Question 7

what beta-agonists are used for bronchodilation

Answer 7

albuterol, clenbuterol, terbutaline

Question 8

what are the 5 uses of beta-agonists

Answer 8

1. cardiovascular stimulation
2. bronchodilation
3. treat hyperkalemia
4. delay parturition/uterine relaxation
5. promote growth in food animals

Question 9

what are the 5 side effects of ALL beta agonists

Answer 9

1. muscle tremors
2. sweating
3. tachycardia/arrhythmia
4. CNS excitation
5. hypokalemia

Question 10

describe dobutamine

selectivity?
clinical use?
administration?

Answer 10

selective for beta receptors (mostly 1)

increase heart contraction strength, treat hypotension

injectable (CRI)

Question 11

T/F: beta 2 agonists are meant to help treat emergency respiratory conditions

Answer 11

TRUE

Question 12

what species is clenbuterol administered to

Answer 12

horses

Question 13

what two bronchodilators can be sent home with owners

Answer 13

1. albuterol
2. clenbuterol

Question 14

what species does terbutaline treat

Answer 14

small animals

Question 15

what are 4 characteristics of beta 2 agonists

Answer 15

1. treat acute exacerbations of bronchoconstriction
2. do not control inflammation
3. increase efficacy of other medications
4. toxicity rare (unless inhaler is eaten)

Question 16

what are the 3 mechanisms of Beta-agonists

Answer 16

1. bronchodilation (sm relaxation)
2. stimulates B-receptor on mast cells to decrease the release of inflammatory mediators
3. increase mucociliary clearance

Question 17

what are nonselective Beta-agonists

Answer 17

epinephrine, isoproterenol

Question 18

nonselective agonists are used for ____ treatment and selective agonists are used for _________ management

Answer 18

acute; long-term

Question 19

what drug needs to be used in cyclic instruments for airway obstruction conditions

Answer 19

clenbuterol

Question 20

why is clenbuterol prohibited in food animals

Answer 20

residues can cause adverse side effects in humans

Question 21

describe albuterol

effects?
administration?

Answer 21

long-acting bronchodilation and some anti-inflammatory effects (R-enantiomer)

inhalation

Question 22

MDI

Answer 22

metered dose inhalers

Question 23

why are spacers required? why must the asthma container be shaken?

Answer 23

spacer = metering

shaken = adequately ensure appropriate drug dispersal

Question 24

how do beta agonists treat hyperkalemia

Answer 24

activation of the Na-K-ATPase pump to drive K+ into cells

Question 25

what beta-agonists are used primarily for growth? what is the ethical implication?

Answer 25

Ractopamine, zilpaterol

abuse of humans and extra label use

Question 26

what are non-selective beta-blockers

Answer 26

propranolol, sotalol

Question 27

what are selective beta blockers

Answer 27

atenolol (long-acting)
esmolol (short-acting)

Question 28

what are the general effects of beta blockers

Answer 28

decrease heart rate, carbon dioxide, and myocardial oxygen demand

Question 29

what are the 3 general uses of beta blockers

Answer 29

1. treat tachyarrhythmias
2. manage toxicities
3. treat glaucoma