Lecture 14 - Autonomic Pharmacology 2 Flashcards
what alpha 1 agonist can be administered as an infusion to increase blood pressure and contractility during anesthesia or sepsis
norepinephrine
what alpha 1 agonist can be administered intranasally to cause local vasoconstriction and help reduce edema in the nasal passage
phenylephrine
what alpha 1 agonist can be administered IV or IT during cardiopulmonary arrest
epinephrine
where are beta 1 receptors found
heart
where are beta 2 receptors found
lungs
what beta-agonists are used for cardiovascular stimulation
dobutamine and dopamine
what beta-agonists are used for bronchodilation
albuterol, clenbuterol, terbutaline
what are the 5 uses of beta-agonists
- cardiovascular stimulation
- bronchodilation
- treat hyperkalemia
- delay parturition/uterine relaxation
- promote growth in food animals
what are the 5 side effects of ALL beta agonists
- muscle tremors
- sweating
- tachycardia/arrhythmia
- CNS excitation
- hypokalemia
describe dobutamine
selectivity?
clinical use?
administration?
selective for beta receptors (mostly 1)
increase heart contraction strength, treat hypotension
injectable (CRI)
T/F: beta 2 agonists are meant to help treat emergency respiratory conditions
TRUE
what species is clenbuterol administered to
horses
what two bronchodilators can be sent home with owners
- albuterol
- clenbuterol
what species does terbutaline treat
small animals
what are 4 characteristics of beta 2 agonists
- treat acute exacerbations of bronchoconstriction
- do not control inflammation
- increase efficacy of other medications
- toxicity rare (unless inhaler is eaten)
what are the 3 mechanisms of Beta-agonists
- bronchodilation (sm relaxation)
- stimulates B-receptor on mast cells to decrease the release of inflammatory mediators
- increase mucociliary clearance
what are nonselective Beta-agonists
epinephrine, isoproterenol
nonselective agonists are used for ____ treatment and selective agonists are used for _________ management
acute; long-term
what drug needs to be used in cyclic instruments for airway obstruction conditions
clenbuterol
why is clenbuterol prohibited in food animals
residues can cause adverse side effects in humans
describe albuterol
effects?
administration?
long-acting bronchodilation and some anti-inflammatory effects (R-enantiomer)
inhalation
MDI
metered dose inhalers
why are spacers required? why must the asthma container be shaken?
spacer = metering
shaken = adequately ensure appropriate drug dispersal
how do beta agonists treat hyperkalemia
activation of the Na-K-ATPase pump to drive K+ into cells
what beta-agonists are used primarily for growth? what is the ethical implication?
Ractopamine, zilpaterol
abuse of humans and extra label use
what are non-selective beta-blockers
propranolol, sotalol
what are selective beta blockers
atenolol (long-acting)
esmolol (short-acting)
what are the general effects of beta blockers
decrease heart rate, carbon dioxide, and myocardial oxygen demand
what are the 3 general uses of beta blockers
- treat tachyarrhythmias
- manage toxicities
- treat glaucoma
