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2 - Animal Health & Disease > Lecture 63 - Urogenital Bacteriology 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 63 - Urogenital Bacteriology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

urobiome

A

collection of microbes that reside in urogenital tract

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2
Q

urinary system

A
  1. kidneys
  2. ureters
  3. bladder
  4. urethra

*filter and excrete waste via urine

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3
Q

reproductive system

A
  1. ovaries/testes
  2. uterus
  3. vagina
  4. penis

*produce gametes and enable fertilization

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4
Q

commensal bacteria

A

harmless microorganisms that coexist with the host. maintain balanced microbial environment and can prevent colonization by pathogens

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5
Q

opportunistic pathogens

A

microorganisms that can cause infection when the host’s immune system is compromised

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6
Q

why is the systems-based approach better than taxonomic

A

taxonomy does not predict the virulence of disease, but systems-based indicates pathogenesis

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7
Q

immune defenses of the urogenital tract

A
  1. mucosal immunity
  2. acidic pH
  3. physical barriers
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8
Q

urogenital pathogenic mechanisms

A
  1. biofilm formation
  2. urolith formation
  3. adhesions for attachment
  4. toxin secretion
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9
Q

T/F: lower UTIs are most common bacterial infections in animals

A

TRUE

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10
Q

what are symptoms of lower UTIs

A
  • stranguria (painful u+)
  • pollakiuria (increased U+)
  • periuria (inappropriate U+)
  • pyuria/hematuria (cloudy/bloody U+)
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11
Q

how are lower UTIs diagnosed

A
  1. urine culture
  2. urine sensitivity
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12
Q

what are the common pathogens of lower UTIs

A
  1. E. Coli
  2. Klebsiella
  3. Proteus
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13
Q

upper UTI symptoms

A

pyelonephritis vs systemic

  • fever
  • polyuria/polydipsia
  • systemic illness
  • flank pain
  • renal failure
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14
Q

what are the common pathogens of upper UTIs

A

same as LUTIs + leptospira

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15
Q

how are upper UTIs diagnosed

A
  1. urine culture
  2. urine sensitivity
  3. PCR
  4. serology
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16
Q

what is different about the antibiotics given in upper UTIs vs lower

A

antibiotics are required to penetrate the renal parenchyma

17
Q

recurrent UTI

A

3 or more episodes of UTI in a 12-month period

18
Q

refractory UTI

A

same organism isolated more than once in the face of appropriate tx

19
Q

relapsing UTI

A

same organism isolated multiple times with 6-month period with apparent clearance in between positive cultures

20
Q

re-infection

A

different organism isolated within 6-month period with apparent resolution of previous infection

21
Q

what are examples of reproductive infections

A
  1. pyometra
  2. infertility/stillborn/abortion
  3. contagious equine metritis
22
Q

how can reproductive infections be diagnosed

A
  1. culture
  2. PCR
  3. serology
23
Q

what bacteria causes contagious equine metritis

A

taylorella equigenitalis

24
Q

where can samples be collected from when reproductive infection is suspected

A
  1. urine - cysto, cath
  2. vaginal, preputial, or uterine swabs
  3. semen samples
  4. prostatic fluid
  5. tissue biopsy
  6. abomasal fluid from aborted fetus
  7. peripheral blood
25
Q

what media should each pathogen be cultured on?

a. T. equigenitalis
b. brucella spp.
c. mycoplasma spp.

  1. castaneda agar
  2. chocolate agar
  3. mycoplasma agar
A

a = 2
b = 1
c = 3

26
Q

wet mount microscopy

A

direct observation of bacteria, RBC, WBC, crystals, etc.

27
Q

gram or other staining

A

rapid differentiation of bacteria in samples

28
Q

sediment cytology

A

identification of intracellular bacteria

29
Q

what are serological tests for reproductive infection

A
  1. latex agglutination & rose Bengal test
  2. ELISA
  3. microscopic agglutination test
  4. immunofluorescence assay
30
Q

bacterial resistance vs. resilience

A

resistance is the use, overuse, and misuse of antibiotics that selectively pressure bacteria to become resistant and proliferate whereas resilience is the pathogenic evasion mechanisms

31
Q

T/F: many urogenital infections are caused by zoonotic organisms

32
Q

what are barriers to urogenital infection

A
  1. normal micturition
  2. normal development of anatomic structures
  3. mucosal defense barriers
  4. antimicrobial properties of urine
  5. systemic immune competence
33
Q

uromodulin

A

tamm-horsfall mucoproteins

34
Q

abnormal micturition

A
  1. changes in urine volume (Cushing’s and CKD)
  2. urinary retention (IVDD and DUD)
  3. urinary continence (sphincter incompetence)
35
Q

abnormal anatomic structures

A
  1. urethral abnormalities (prostatic disease, urethritis)
  2. urothelial disease (neoplasia, polyploid cystitis)
  3. abnormal development (recessed vulva, ectopic ureters, pooling of urine)
  4. foreign objects bypass anatomy (urinary cath, tube cystostomy, perineal urethrostomy)
36
Q

what influences the mucosal defense system

A
  1. breakdown of GAG layer
  2. sequestration of bacteria from the immune system
  3. local immune suppression
37
Q

abnormal urine composition

A
  1. minimal concentration
  2. glucosuria
  3. +/- proteinuria
38
Q

systemic immune suppression

A
  1. medications (steroid or cyclosporine)
  2. hyperadrenocorticism
  3. diabetes

2 - Animal Health & Disease (61 decks)

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