History Final Sem 2 Flashcards
In mid 1800s, how was the continent of Africa divided
Berlin conference made rules
Divided into several territories controlled by European nations
Which countries colonized in Africa
European countries
Define Social Darwinism
Belief that those who are fittest for survival enjoy wealth
Which people were not invited to Berlin Conference in 1884-1885
African people
What are Cash Crop Plantations
Plantations where crops were planted for economic growth
What was decided at Berlin Conference in 1884-1885
European nations could claim land in Africa by notifying other nations of its claim and showing they could control the area
Who were the first Europeans to settle in South Africa
Dutch
What is the definition of a colony
Country or territory governed internally by foreign power
What are some positive effects of imperialism
Reduced local warfare
Improved sanitation
Hospitals increased lifespan
Schools improved literacy rates
What are some negative effects of imperialism
New disease entered Africa (smallpox)
Many perished in resisting Europeans
Famines from cash crops
Breakdown of traditional culture
Dutch settlers fought against the British in the ________ War
Boer
The _______________ was a meeting in which 14 European nations established rules for division of Africa
Berlin Conference
Period of British rule over India from 1757-1947 is called
Raj
Which nation is the jewel in the crown
India
Suez Canal connected which bodies of water
Red Sea & Mediterranean
Seizure of a country or territory by stronger country is called
Imperialism
Why was Ethiopia able to resist European colonization
Combo of geographical challenges, strong leadership, military victories, national pride, strategic alliances
Who fought in Battle of Adowa
Italy & Ehtiopia
What does acronym MAIN represent
Militarism
Alliance
Imperialism
Nationalism
What are some of the major causes of rising international tensions in the early 1900s
Competition for colonial territories
How did Militarism help cause WW1
Glorified war & helped feed arms race
Who assassinated Austro-Hungarian Archduke, Franz Ferdinand
Gamrilo Princip
On eve of WW1, Bosnia was ruled by which country
Austria Hungary
What happened when Schlieffen Plan failed
There was stalemate and trench warfare on western front
Who was leader of Germany as WW1 began
Kaiser Wilhelm II
What part of Europe was known as the powder keg of Europe
Balkans
What are some reasons that Russia began to mobilize for war
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and Russia supported Serbia
Why did British declare war on Germany
Protect Belgium
Why did British declare war on Germany
Protect Belgium
What events caused Britain to fight in WW1
Germany invaded Belgium and there was understanding to keep Belgium neutral
What was Schlieffen Plan designed to avoid
Avoid war on 2 fronts
Why was it difficult to gain an advantage over enemy in trench warfare
Machine gun
Nation devoting all their resources to war effort is known as
Total war
What British passenger liner was sunk by Germany U-boats in May 1915, killing approx 1200 passengers
Lusitonia
In Zimmerman telegram, what did Germany offer to Mexico if they joined the Central Powers
Return of Mexican land lost to US to Mexico
The spreading of ideas to promote a cause or damage an opposing cause is known as what
Propaganda
How did women help in war effort
Worked in factories making supplies for the war
What ended Russia’s participation in WW1
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Woodrow Wilson’s list of terms for resolving WW1 and future wars was known as
14 points
Why was WW1 more destructive than previous wars
Modern weapons were more deadly
How did the role of women impact WW1
Keeping their nations’ economies going during war
What are some of the effects of total war in britain
Censored press, countries devote all resources
Area btwn opposing trenches was known as
No man’s land
What were conditions of Treaty of Versailles
War guilt clause, creation of league of nations, and war reparations for Germany
President of US during WW1 was
Woodrow Wilson
____________ Was an international association whose goal was to keep peace among nations
League of nations
_______________ is policy of glorifying war and keeping an army prepared for war
Militarism
Western front were the battlefields that stretched along which border
French/German
Eastern Front was a stretch of battlefield along which border
German and Russian
___________ Warefare is a type of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from parallel trenches
Trench
____________ is one sided info designed to persuadce
Propganda
________________ is where countries devote all their resources to war effort
Total War
______________ is system in which gov limits the amnts of items people can buy
Rationing
_______________ were Woodrow Wilson’s plan for achieving a just and lasting peace after WW1
Fourteen points
Agreement to stop fighting is called an
Armistice
WW1 alliance that included Great Britain, France, and Russia was called
Triple Entente
Radical group of Russian Marxists who supported small number of committed revolutionaries were called
Bolsheviks
In Marxist philosophy, industrial class of workers are called
Proletariat
Czar that ended the Romanov Dynasty was
Nicholas II
Main leader of Bolshviks was
Vladimir Lenin
Which slogan expressed ideals of Lenin and Bolsheviks in 1917
Peace, land, bread
Despite elected legislature, who really controlled gov in USSR
Communist party
What were some results of Bolshevik Revolution
Civil War in Russia
What was bloody sunday
Day Czar’s guards opened fire on peasant protest
Radical Marxist group willing to sacrifice everything for change are called
Bolsheviks
In Russia, what were local councils consisting of workers, peasants, and soldiers called
Soviets
Bolsheviks renamed themselves to this after the Bolshevik Revolution
Communist Party
Stalin’s campaign of terror designed to eliminate anyone who threatened his power was called
Great Purge
Stalin’s proposals for development of Soviet Union’s economy were called
5 year plan
What was result of March Revolution
Czar Nicholas abdicated throne and provisional gov was created
During the Russian Civil War, the White Army consisted of groups that held what ideas?
Those who wanted Czar in power, Mensheviks who opposed Lenin’s style of socialism and those who wanted democratic gov
Identify the major figures in Revolutions in Russia
Czar Nicholas II, Czarina Alexandra, Rasputin
What were the effects of Stalin’s 5 year plans
Heavy industry expanded
By what means did Stalin’s Communist Party ensure obedience
Secret police, censorship, terror
Why didn’t Britain and France try to stop Hitler when he sent troops into the Rhineland
Policy of Appeasement
What position did the US take as conflict rose in Europe
Remained neutral
What happened at the munich conference in 1938
Agreed to let Hitler tale the Sudatenland
What was one reason Hitler signed the nonaggression act with Stalin
No war
Why did the Western European nations adopt the Policy of Appeasement
Thought Hitler was justified, would fight communism, and they had their own problems
What 3 countries were involved in the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo axis
Italy, Germany, Japan
German air attacks on Britain’s air force and cities that lasted from summer of 1940 til May 1941 was known as
Battle of Britain
First day of invasion of Normandy in WW2 is known as
D-day
System of fortifications along France’s border with Germany is
Maginot line
Name for Germany’s air force
Luftwaffe
Immediate cause of WW2 was
Invasion of Poland
Which countries first declared war on Germany at start of WW2
France and Britain
Blitzkrieg is
Lightning war
The Lend Lease Act allowed
To lend military arms to other countries
The war in Europe ended when
Germany surrendered and knew they were being attacked on both fronts
Who was commander of the Allied forces in Europe
Dwight Eisnhower
Who was Prime Minister of Great Britain during WW2
Winston Churchill
What happened at Dunkirk in 1940
Allies were surrounded but rescued by British vessels
Hitler challenged the peace of Europe by sending troops into these places
Czechoslovakia, Austria, Poland
The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor because
US stopped selling oil
Japanese finally surrendered after
Nagasaki
Battle where Allied code breakers found out about the Japanese plan of attack and were able to surprise attack Japanese was
Battle of Midway
__________ signed armistice in same rail car used during armistice signing in WW1
France
At one point during WW2, reporters called it the
phony war
Rescue at Dunkirk made British morale go
Up
Spain and Switzerland remained __________ during WW2
Neutral
Opposition to all war
Pacifism
US declared war on _________ after they attacked Pearl harbor
Japan
US were able to capture island of _____________ after a long and hard fought battle
Iwo Jima
What events marked the start of Cold war between US and SOviet union
Berlin Blockade
What was the purpose of the Marshall Plan
Provide aid to needy European countries for reconstruction
What were the goals of NATO and Warsaw Pact
NATO: Aimed to defend its member nations against aggression
Warsaw: Protect Soviet influence in Easter Europe
What was significance of Berlin Wall
Symbolized division btwn Wester and Eastern Europe
Who emerged as leader of Chines Communists after WW2
Mao Zedong
What was the main consequence of Mao’s great leap forward
Famine and millions of deaths
How did the cultural revolution impact Chinese society
Led to social chaos and political repression
What line divided Korea into Communist and non-communist nations
38th parallel
Who was the leader of North Vietnam during Vietnam War
Ho Chi Minh
What was the main goal of the US in getting involved in Korean War
Defend South Korea from Communist aggression
Which country supported the North Koreans with tanks, airplanes, and money during Korean War
China
Who led Cuban Revolution and overthrew the unpopular dictator, Batista
Fidel Castro
Which country did the Soviet Union invade in 1979, leading to long and costly war
Afghanistan
What was the policy of reducing Cold War tensions called
Detente
What was the name of the policy to prevent the spread of communism followed by the Soviet Union
Brezhnev Doctrine
Which American president made the 1st visit to Communist China
Richard Nixon
What was the main cause of the renewed civil war btwn Nationalists and Communists after Japan surrendered
Political rivalries
Overall what was the goal of European countries when colonizing in different parts of the world*
Purposes of colonialism included economic exploitation of colony’s people and natural resources, creation of new markets for colonizer, and extension of colonizer’s way of life to population beyond its national borders
What were the main factors that contributed to the outbreak of the Russian Revolution, and how did it impact course of Russian history in early 20th century
Social inequality and poverty, WW2, rising revolutionary movements and radical leaders like Lenin
Impact: End of monarchy, formation of USSR, civil war btwn Reds and Whites, complete transformation to communism
List and explain 5 major factors contributing to the outbreak of WW2
Treaty of Versailles- Hindered Germany from thriving and they believed it was too harsh. It led to the rise of Hitler and the Nazis and Hitler broke all rules.
Rise of fascism and militarism- Nationalism was high because Hitler was trying to get people to follow his ideas. Militarism was glorified and countries built up militaries to enlarge the armies and radical leaders made promises.
Policy of Appeasement- Western countries were still fatigued by WW1. Plus, they had their own problems to worry about.
Failure of League of Nations- Originally it was established to stop war but failed due to structural weaknesses. Since it failed, Hitler was able to advance his plans and expand.
The Great Depression- The bad economy led to social unrest. The people were looking for a leader to follow in a time of hopelessness and radical leaders promised a better life
What is the Holocaust, and how did the Nazis and their collaborators implement the Holocaust
Systematic genocide of millions of Jews, gypsies, disabled people, homosexuals, and political opponents by the Nazis during WW2
Nuremberg laws- stripped Jews of their rights
Kristallnacht- nationwide riot against the Jews
Ghettos- Jews forced to live in overcrowded arms of city
Eisatzgruppen- squads of Germans that would kill Jews
Concentration camps- Jews were sent to work or killed
Medical experiments- Jews were tortured and experimented on
