History Final Sem 1 Flashcards
What is gov ruled by 1 absolute leader (king or queen)
Monarchy
Gov ruled by ppl is
Democracy
Gov ruled by few ppl
Oligarchy
Who was Caesar’s adopted son and successor
Octavian Augustus
Peace of Augustus
Pax romana lasted for how long
200 yrs
After Julius Caesar captured Italy, he became
Dictator
Emperor who divided Rome in 2 - Eat and west believing it would be easier to run was
Constantine
Who was the first emperor of the Roman Empire
Caesar Augustus
Which is a form of gov in which people elect leaders
Republic
What is black death
Bubonic plague
What was impact of black death on Euruope
Killed half of europe
What is chivalry
Set of behaviors toward knightly opponents
What was impact of renaissance on Europe
Led to Europe’s rebirth
What were some of the challenges faced by ppl in Europe during 14th and 15th centuries
Murder, violence, war, sickness, anything bad
What was Great Schism and how did it affect the church
Split in Catholic church
What were the 3 advantages that made Italy birthplace of Renaissance
Wealthy merchant class
Classical heritage
Thriving cities
A person who gives financial or other support to a person/artist, organization, cause or activity is
Patron
What were characteristics of Renaissance period
Creation of non-religious themes, Greco Roman learning, revival of art and literature
What does Renaissance mean
Rebirth
What is secularism
Having no religious or spiritual bias
Which city state was epicenter of Italian Renaissance
Florence
What was 1st book to be printed on printing press
Bible
What were indulgences
Pardons for sin
What are core teachings of Martin Luther
Faith in God alone
Bible is authority
People don’t need priests to interpret Bible
Why is reformation considered significant in European history
Widespread political change
Protestantism
Challenges Catholic church
What were reasons for England’s break from Catholic church
King wanted divorce
How did church respond to luther’s teachings
They threatened him and then excommunicated him
How do beliefs of Lutheranism differ from those of Catholic church
Catholics: Salvation by good works
Lutherans: Salvation through faith, reject pope
What was the main teaching of John Calvin regarding salvation
Predestination
What were goals of Catholic Counter Reformation
To have more spiritual outlook, combat heresy, to define catholic doctrine
What belief was shared by all important scientists of Scientific Revolution
Truth is only achievable through process of inquiry and observation
What did Francis Bacon stress, which helped to develop scientific method
Experimentation and observation
Lous XIV built ___________ where he lived
Palace of Veresailles
Peter the Great ruled over
Russia
“The prince (king) is not regarded as a private person; he is a public personage, all the state is in him; the will of all the people is included in his. As all perfection and all strength are united in God, so all the power of individuals is united in (his) person.”
According to Bossuet, what is the role of the king?
To rule with complete authority
How did Henry IV help reunite France after years of fighting between Catholics and Hunguenots
Converted to Catholicism
What best describes Peter the Great’s approach to westernization
He was autocrat and forced them
Who was called the Sun King
Louis XIV
Which absolute monarch emphasized military power in Prussia
Fredrich the Great
Who was the Spanish king who sent the Spanish armada to England
Philip II
Catherine the Great built on Peter the Great’s accomplishments by
Education
Industry
Expansion
Why did James I not want to work with Parliament
He was absolute monarch
What was significance of Long Parliament
Led to English Civil war
Who was leader of Roundheads in English Civil war
Oliver Cromwell
What was purpose of petition of right
to limit power of king
Who abolished English monarchy after civil war
Oliver Cromwell
When William and Mary took over in England it began
England became monarchy
What was the impact of English bill of rights on development of democracy in England
Gave Parliament essential powers independent of monarchy
Why would European rulers have thought that the effect of English Bill of Rights on English monarchy was radical
Absolute monarchs don’t share power
What concept was belief in divine right used to support
Absolute monarchy
Who did Glorious Revolution bring to England’s throne
William and Mary
What did the restoration restore to power in England
Monarchy
How did the power of king change after English Civil War and Glorious Revolution
King partnered with parliament
How did Scientific Revolution lead to enlightenment
Encourage people to use reason to solve problems
What was Montesquieu’s influence on US Constitution
Separation of powers
John Locke believed that life, liberty, and property were all
Natural rights
Which Enlightenment writer advocated for women’s rights
Mary Wollenstonecraft
Enlightenment thinkers questioned
Traditional authority
Goal of enlightenment writers was to limit gov from interfering with
right of people
Major concept promoted by philosophers of Enlightenment was need for use of
Reason for rational and logical thinking
Locke would say that people have right to
Overthrow gov that violates their rights
In wealth of Nations, Adam Smith argued that ______________________ should regulate business activity
Free market
Which Enlightenment philosophers influenced writing of Declaration of Independence
John Locke’
What is the concept that all gov power ultimately derives from consent of people being governed
Popular sovereignty
Enlightenment took influence from
Scientific revolution
Declaration of Independence stated that govs were formed to protect
Each individual’s natural rights
Key component of US gov under constitution is
Separation of powers among different branches of gov
Which doc directly challenged authority of Britain’s King George III
Declaration of Independence
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness…”
-The Declaration of Independence
Which Enlightenment thinker most directly influenced the idea expressed in this passage?
John Locke
“I may not agree with a word you have to say but I will fight to my death for your right to say it” is a quote that illustrates Freedom of
Speech
Slogan of French Revolution
Liberty, equality, fraternity
Attack on this building to steal weapons started French Rev
Bastille
What ways did Directory maintain changes that had taken place during French Rev
Governed without king
What groups in France would have been least likely to support reign of terror
Emigres
How did France’s radical revolutionaries try to protect the revolution
Enemies treated harshly
How did France’s social divisions in late 1700s contribute to French Rev
3rd estate mad because inequalities
Why was the storming of the Bastille on July 14,1789, an important event in the French Revolution
Challenged King’s authority
What was Committee of public safety? How much power did they have
Led France
Absolute power
How did directory’s actions ultimately lead to rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
Weak and corrupt
Napoleonic code was reform of France’s
Legal system
Frances gov according to Constitution of 1791 was
Limited monarchy
Chief goal of Congress of Vienna was to preserve peace through balance of
Preserve peace -> balance of power
What are the key facts about 3rd estate given in this class
3rd class paid all taxes
What groups made up 3 states under France’s old regime
Clergy, nobles, commoners
What is one way that the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was similar to the Declaration of Independence?
Protect individual rights
Which goal was most likely to be supported by both poor peasants and wealthy city merchants in the early years of the French Revolution?
To end feudal privileges
Which man was the leader of the Jacobins and later became the leader of France?
Maximilian Robespierre
Which country was Napoleon’s biggest enemy?
Britain
Napoleon appointed his brother, Joseph, to be the king of ________ after they ran the royal family out.
Spain
The death of _______ ended the Reign of Terror in France.
Robespierre
When King Louis XVI locked the members of the legislature out of the Estates General, they created their own meeting place and made the
Tennis court oath
Which group of people met to determine how to divide Europe after Napoleon’s reign ended?
Congress of Vienna
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
did not rule from the Palace of Versailles until they died
Who was the person that began the Reign of Terror.
Robespierre
What constitution is not still used in France today
Constitution of 1791
Who were the Bourgeoisie
Middle class people who were part of 3rd estate
Who were Emigres
Nobles who fled France during rev
Women who marched on Versailles wanted to
Protest rising price of bread not steal it from king
1st estate was made up of
Clergy who owned 10% of land
What are the key reasons that the French people wanted change in the late 1700’s?
Classes not equal
Weak leadership
Enlightenment ideas
Identify the economic problems during the 1780s in France?
Crop failures, high cost of living, pread prices doubled
Why did Louis XVI have to call a meeting of the Estates General in 1789
To tax 1st and 2nd estate
Who were the Sans-Culottes?
Working class revolutionaries
How did King Louis XVI die?
Guillotine
What government came after the end of Robespierre’s Reign of Terror?
Directory
What is Coup d’état?
Seizure of gov by military
Which country used the Scorched-earth policy to help defeat Napoleon’s army?
Russia
What did the Napoleonic Code accomplish?
Limit speech/press. brought back slavery
Napoleon’s greatest work was his Napoleonic Code which did all following except
Limited freedom of speech, limited freedom of press, restored slavery to French colonies in Caribbean
Eventually, Napoleon became the _______ of France
Emporer
British and Prussian forces defeated Napoleon for the final time at
Waterloo
. At the end of it all, France’s was governed by a(n)
Absolute monarchy
Utopian socialism
People live in peaceful cooperative settlements in which they all share in the work and the profits of their labor
Pure communism
A true classless society
Authoritarian socialism
The gov owns all of mean of production
Utilitarianism
Every act of a society should be judged based on usefulness
Capitalism
Individuals control the factors of production
The Industrial Revolution was a change in what ways?
Production, gov systems, agriculture
The idea of moving crops based on whether they were grain crops or root crops is called
Crop rotation
This group protected the rights of the workers when they were unhappy with the factory owners.
Union
City building and the movement of people to cities is called ___________.
Urbanization
List 3 positives effects and 3 negative effects of the Industrial Revolution
Positive:
Increased wealth
Improved standard of living
Increased education
Improved working conditions
New inventions
Foreign markets
Negative:
Poor working conditions
Poor living conditions
Low wages
Child labor
Discrimination against women
Environmental harm
Pollution
Income inequality
Disease and stress
List four main causes of the French Revolution
Louis XIV and Louis XV compiled a lot of debt through many wars
Louis XVI was a weak leader that was unable to address the debt issues
The estates general had inequalities amongst the estates
Bread prices rose leading to riots
In COMPLETE SENTENCES explain how the invention of the printing press impacted the Reformation movement.
The Renaissance and Reformation would likely not have occurred without the printing press because the printing press helped to spread new ideas quickly, it led to more people being able to read and write, and it allowed for people to share information. Without the printing press the spread of ideas would have been much slower.
In complete sentences, answer the following questions. The Enlightenment and the philosophers of this time greatly influenced developing countries. One of these countries was the United States. Give at least 2 examples of how specific philosophers’ ideas impacted the American government we have today. Make sure to tell who the philosophers were and what their idea was and how it is used in American government.
John Locke
Locke introduced the idea that all men have natural rights to life, liberty, and property. These rights are inalienable, meaning they cannot be taken away or constrained by law. The Declaration of Independence was greatly influenced by Locke’s philosophies.
Rousseau
His ideas in Social Contract heavily influenced the Declaration of Independence. He claimed that people would give up unlimited freedom for the security provided by a government, but also that people of the state hold ultimate right to power.
