History Final Sem 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is gov ruled by 1 absolute leader (king or queen)
A
Monarchy
2
Q
Gov ruled by ppl is
A
Democracy
3
Q
Gov ruled by few ppl
A
Oligarchy
4
Q
Who was Caesar’s adopted son and successor
A
Octavian Augustus
5
Q
Peace of Augustus
Pax romana lasted for how long
A
200 yrs
6
Q
After Julius Caesar captured Italy, he became
A
Dictator
7
Q
Emperor who divided Rome in 2 - Eat and west believing it would be easier to run was
A
Constantine
8
Q
Who was the first emperor of the Roman Empire
A
Caesar Augustus
9
Q
Which is a form of gov in which people elect leaders
A
Republic
10
Q
What is black death
A
Bubonic plague
11
Q
What was impact of black death on Euruope
A
Killed half of europe
12
Q
What is chivalry
A
Set of behaviors toward knightly opponents
13
Q
What was impact of renaissance on Europe
A
Led to Europe’s rebirth
14
Q
What were some of the challenges faced by ppl in Europe during 14th and 15th centuries
A
Murder, violence, war, sickness, anything bad
15
Q
What was Great Schism and how did it affect the church
A
Split in Catholic church
16
Q
What were the 3 advantages that made Italy birthplace of Renaissance
A
Wealthy merchant class
Classical heritage
Thriving cities
17
Q
A person who gives financial or other support to a person/artist, organization, cause or activity is
A
Patron
18
Q
What were characteristics of Renaissance period
A
Creation of non-religious themes, Greco Roman learning, revival of art and literature
19
Q
What does Renaissance mean
A
Rebirth
20
Q
What is secularism
A
Having no religious or spiritual bias
21
Q
Which city state was epicenter of Italian Renaissance
A
Florence
22
Q
What was 1st book to be printed on printing press
A
Bible
23
Q
What were indulgences
A
Pardons for sin
24
Q
What are core teachings of Martin Luther
A
Faith in God alone
Bible is authority
People don’t need priests to interpret Bible
25
Why is reformation considered significant in European history
Widespread political change
Protestantism
Challenges Catholic church
26
What were reasons for England's break from Catholic church
King wanted divorce
27
How did church respond to luther's teachings
They threatened him and then excommunicated him
28
How do beliefs of Lutheranism differ from those of Catholic church
Catholics: Salvation by good works
Lutherans: Salvation through faith, reject pope
29
What was the main teaching of John Calvin regarding salvation
Predestination
30
What were goals of Catholic Counter Reformation
To have more spiritual outlook, combat heresy, to define catholic doctrine
31
What belief was shared by all important scientists of Scientific Revolution
Truth is only achievable through process of inquiry and observation
32
What did Francis Bacon stress, which helped to develop scientific method
Experimentation and observation
33
Lous XIV built ___________ where he lived
Palace of Veresailles
34
Peter the Great ruled over
Russia
35
“The prince (king) is not regarded as a private person; he is a public personage, all the state is in him; the will of all the people is included in his. As all perfection and all strength are united in God, so all the power of individuals is united in (his) person.”
According to Bossuet, what is the role of the king?
To rule with complete authority
36
How did Henry IV help reunite France after years of fighting between Catholics and Hunguenots
Converted to Catholicism
37
What best describes Peter the Great's approach to westernization
He was autocrat and forced them
38
Who was called the Sun King
Louis XIV
39
Which absolute monarch emphasized military power in Prussia
Fredrich the Great
40
Who was the Spanish king who sent the Spanish armada to England
Philip II
41
Catherine the Great built on Peter the Great's accomplishments by
Education
Industry
Expansion
42
Why did James I not want to work with Parliament
He was absolute monarch
43
What was significance of Long Parliament
Led to English Civil war
44
Who was leader of Roundheads in English Civil war
Oliver Cromwell
45
What was purpose of petition of right
to limit power of king
46
Who abolished English monarchy after civil war
Oliver Cromwell
47
When William and Mary took over in England it began
England became monarchy
48
What was the impact of English bill of rights on development of democracy in England
Gave Parliament essential powers independent of monarchy
49
Why would European rulers have thought that the effect of English Bill of Rights on English monarchy was radical
Absolute monarchs don't share power
50
What concept was belief in divine right used to support
Absolute monarchy
51
Who did Glorious Revolution bring to England's throne
William and Mary
52
What did the restoration restore to power in England
Monarchy
53
How did the power of king change after English Civil War and Glorious Revolution
King partnered with parliament
54
How did Scientific Revolution lead to enlightenment
Encourage people to use reason to solve problems
55
What was Montesquieu's influence on US Constitution
Separation of powers
56
John Locke believed that life, liberty, and property were all
Natural rights
57
Which Enlightenment writer advocated for women's rights
Mary Wollenstonecraft
58
Enlightenment thinkers questioned
Traditional authority
59
Goal of enlightenment writers was to limit gov from interfering with
right of people
60
Major concept promoted by philosophers of Enlightenment was need for use of
Reason for rational and logical thinking
61
Locke would say that people have right to
Overthrow gov that violates their rights
62
In wealth of Nations, Adam Smith argued that ______________________ should regulate business activity
Free market
63
Which Enlightenment philosophers influenced writing of Declaration of Independence
John Locke'
64
What is the concept that all gov power ultimately derives from consent of people being governed
Popular sovereignty
65
Enlightenment took influence from
Scientific revolution
66
Declaration of Independence stated that govs were formed to protect
Each individual's natural rights
67
Key component of US gov under constitution is
Separation of powers among different branches of gov
68
Which doc directly challenged authority of Britain's King George III
Declaration of Independence
69
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness…”
-The Declaration of Independence
Which Enlightenment thinker most directly influenced the idea expressed in this passage?
John Locke
70
“I may not agree with a word you have to say but I will fight to my death for your right to say it” is a quote that illustrates Freedom of
Speech
71
Slogan of French Revolution
Liberty, equality, fraternity
72
Attack on this building to steal weapons started French Rev
Bastille
73
What ways did Directory maintain changes that had taken place during French Rev
Governed without king
74
What groups in France would have been least likely to support reign of terror
Emigres
75
How did France's radical revolutionaries try to protect the revolution
Enemies treated harshly
76
How did France's social divisions in late 1700s contribute to French Rev
3rd estate mad because inequalities
77
Why was the storming of the Bastille on July 14,1789, an important event in the French Revolution
Challenged King's authority
78
What was Committee of public safety? How much power did they have
Led France
Absolute power
79
How did directory's actions ultimately lead to rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
Weak and corrupt
80
Napoleonic code was reform of France's
Legal system
81
Frances gov according to Constitution of 1791 was
Limited monarchy
82
Chief goal of Congress of Vienna was to preserve peace through balance of
Preserve peace -> balance of power
83
What are the key facts about 3rd estate given in this class
3rd class paid all taxes
84
What groups made up 3 states under France's old regime
Clergy, nobles, commoners
85
What is one way that the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was similar to the Declaration of Independence?
Protect individual rights
86
Which goal was most likely to be supported by both poor peasants and wealthy city merchants in the early years of the French Revolution?
To end feudal privileges
87
Which man was the leader of the Jacobins and later became the leader of France?
Maximilian Robespierre
88
Which country was Napoleon’s biggest enemy?
Britain
89
Napoleon appointed his brother, Joseph, to be the king of ________ after they ran the royal family out.
Spain
90
The death of _______ ended the Reign of Terror in France.
Robespierre
91
When King Louis XVI locked the members of the legislature out of the Estates General, they created their own meeting place and made the
Tennis court oath
92
Which group of people met to determine how to divide Europe after Napoleon’s reign ended?
Congress of Vienna
93
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
did not rule from the Palace of Versailles until they died
94
Who was the person that began the Reign of Terror.
Robespierre
95
What constitution is not still used in France today
Constitution of 1791
96
Who were the Bourgeoisie
Middle class people who were part of 3rd estate
97
Who were Emigres
Nobles who fled France during rev
98
Women who marched on Versailles wanted to
Protest rising price of bread not steal it from king
99
1st estate was made up of
Clergy who owned 10% of land
100
What are the key reasons that the French people wanted change in the late 1700’s?
Classes not equal
Weak leadership
Enlightenment ideas
101
Identify the economic problems during the 1780s in France?
Crop failures, high cost of living, pread prices doubled
102
Why did Louis XVI have to call a meeting of the Estates General in 1789
To tax 1st and 2nd estate
103
Who were the Sans-Culottes?
Working class revolutionaries
104
How did King Louis XVI die?
Guillotine
105
What government came after the end of Robespierre’s Reign of Terror?
Directory
106
What is Coup d’état?
Seizure of gov by military
107
Which country used the Scorched-earth policy to help defeat Napoleon’s army?
Russia
108
What did the Napoleonic Code accomplish?
Limit speech/press. brought back slavery
109
Napoleon’s greatest work was his Napoleonic Code which did all following except
Limited freedom of speech, limited freedom of press, restored slavery to French colonies in Caribbean
110
Eventually, Napoleon became the _______ of France
Emporer
111
British and Prussian forces defeated Napoleon for the final time at
Waterloo
112
. At the end of it all, France’s was governed by a(n)
Absolute monarchy
113
Utopian socialism
People live in peaceful cooperative settlements in which they all share in the work and the profits of their labor
114
Pure communism
A true classless society
115
Authoritarian socialism
The gov owns all of mean of production
116
Utilitarianism
Every act of a society should be judged based on usefulness
117
Capitalism
Individuals control the factors of production
118
The Industrial Revolution was a change in what ways?
Production, gov systems, agriculture
119
The idea of moving crops based on whether they were grain crops or root crops is called
Crop rotation
120
This group protected the rights of the workers when they were unhappy with the factory owners.
Union
121
City building and the movement of people to cities is called ___________.
Urbanization
122
List 3 positives effects and 3 negative effects of the Industrial Revolution
Positive:
Increased wealth
Improved standard of living
Increased education
Improved working conditions
New inventions
Foreign markets
Negative:
Poor working conditions
Poor living conditions
Low wages
Child labor
Discrimination against women
Environmental harm
Pollution
Income inequality
Disease and stress
123
List four main causes of the French Revolution
Louis XIV and Louis XV compiled a lot of debt through many wars
Louis XVI was a weak leader that was unable to address the debt issues
The estates general had inequalities amongst the estates
Bread prices rose leading to riots
124
In COMPLETE SENTENCES explain how the invention of the printing press impacted the Reformation movement.
The Renaissance and Reformation would likely not have occurred without the printing press because the printing press helped to spread new ideas quickly, it led to more people being able to read and write, and it allowed for people to share information. Without the printing press the spread of ideas would have been much slower.
125
In complete sentences, answer the following questions. The Enlightenment and the philosophers of this time greatly influenced developing countries. One of these countries was the United States. Give at least 2 examples of how specific philosophers' ideas impacted the American government we have today. Make sure to tell who the philosophers were and what their idea was and how it is used in American government.
John Locke
Locke introduced the idea that all men have natural rights to life, liberty, and property. These rights are inalienable, meaning they cannot be taken away or constrained by law. The Declaration of Independence was greatly influenced by Locke’s philosophies.
Rousseau
His ideas in Social Contract heavily influenced the Declaration of Independence. He claimed that people would give up unlimited freedom for the security provided by a government, but also that people of the state hold ultimate right to power.
