Gastric Cancer Flashcards
What is gastric cancer?
Stomach cancer.
A malignant neoplasm arising from the gastric epithelium.
What is the most common histological type of gastric cancer?
Adenocarcinoma.
What is the primary risk factor for gastric cancer?
Helicobacter pylori infection.
What genetic syndromes are associated with gastric cancer?
- Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer
- Lynch syndrome.
What are some early clinical features of gastric cancer?
- Dyspepsia/indigestion
- Epigastric pain
- Early satiety or postprandial fullness
- Weight loss
- Anaemia
- Nausea and vomiting
- GI bleeding (melena, haematemesis).
What are some advanced clinical features of gastric cancer?
- Palpable abdominal mass
- Ascites
- Supraclavicular lymphadenopathy.
What are the criteria for a suspected cancer pathway referral?
Upper abdominal mass consistent with stomach cancer.
What conditions warrant an urgent direct access upper GI endoscopy?
- Dysphagia
- Aged >55 years with weight loss and any of:
- Upper abdominal pain
- Reflux
- Dyspepsia.
What conditions warrant a non-urgent direct access upper GI endoscopy?
- Haematemesis
- Aged >55 years with:
- Treatment resistant dyspepsia
- Upper abdominal pain with low Hb levels
- Raised platelet count or nausea/vomiting with any of:
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Weight loss
- Reflux
- Dyspepsia
- Upper abdominal pain.
What is the primary method for diagnosing gastric cancer?
Endoscopy with biopsy.
What imaging techniques are used for staging gastric cancer?
- CT
- Endoscopic ultrasound.
What are the surgical options for managing gastric cancer?
- Partial gastrectomy
- Total gastrectomy
- Lymph node dissection.
What types of therapy are included in the management of gastric cancer?
- Chemotherapy
- Radiation therapy
- Targeted therapy.
What are some examples of targeted therapies for gastric cancer?
- Anti-HER2 (trastuzumab)
- Anti-VEGF (ramucirumab)
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors (pembrolizumab).
What are some complications associated with gastric cancer?
- Gastric outlet obstruction
- Bleeding
- Perforation
- Paraneoplastic syndromes.
What is Trousseau’s syndrome?
A hypercoagulable state leading to recurrent venous thrombosis.
Paraneoplastic syndrome associated with gastric cancer.
What is Leser-Trelat sign?
A rapid increase in number and size seborrheic keratoses.
Paraneoplastic syndrome associated with gastric cancer.
