Encephalitis Flashcards
What is encephalitis?
An acute inflammation of the brain resulting from infective or non-infective causes.
What is the most common cause of encephalitis?
Viral infection (HSV, ZVZ)
Which virus is commonly associated with encephalitis in children and in neonates?
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) - children (from coldsores)
Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2) - neonates (from genital herpes)
Name a virus that can cause encephalitis.
- Varicella zoster virus (VZV)
- Enterovirus
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
What is a common demyelinating disorder associated with encephalitis?
Multiple sclerosis.
List the core clinical features of encephalitis.
- Altered consciousness
- Headache
- Fever
What additional symptoms may occur with encephalitis?
- Altered cognition
- Behaviour changes
- Acute onset focal neurological symptoms
- Acute onset of focal seizures
What is the primary investigation method for encephalitis?
Lumbar puncture.
When is a CT scan indicated in encephalitis?
If lumbar puncture is contraindicated (GCS <9, haemodynamically unstable, active seizures or post-ictal).
What imaging study is performed after a lumbar puncture in encephalitis?
MRI.
What is a common treatment for viral encephalitis?
IV antivirals - aciclovir and ganciclovir
What are some potential complications of encephalitis?
- Lasting fatigue
- Prolonged recovery
- Change in mood, personality, behaviours
- Change to memory and cognition
- Learning disability
- Headaches
- Chronic pain
- Movement disorders
- Sensory disturbance
- Seizures
- Hormonal imbalances
