22 - 148 - CUTANEOUS CHANGES IN ARTERIAL, VENOUS AND LYMPHATIC DYSFUNCTION Flashcards
Disease in the distal superficial femoral artery causes:
a. Claudication in the thigh
b. Claudication in the calf muscle
c. Claudication in the buttocks
d. Claudication in the ankle
B
Page 2669. Because the disease is most common in the distal superficial femoral artery, patients most commonly present with claudication in the calf muscle area (the muscle group just distal to the arterial disease). When the disease affects the more proximal aortoiliac vessels, thigh and buttock muscle claudication predominates
A 65-year-old male was seen in the OPD due to ulceration on his right foot associated with intermittent claudication. He is hypertensive and diabetic. ABI was 0.89. What is the interpretation of this result?
A. Normal
B. Abnormal
C. Borderline
D. Elevated
B
Page 2671. Normal ABI range is 1.00 to 1.40. A value less than or equal to 0.90 is considered abnormal, and values of 0.91 to 0.99 are defined as “borderline.” Of note, patients with heavily calcified or “noncompressible” vessels, most commonly persons with diabetes or of advanced age, may have falsely elevated ABIs (greater than 1.4) despite the presence of significant PAD.
When the ABI is borderline or normal despite symptoms suggestive of claudication, what test is recommended?
A. Exercise ABI
B. Doppler waveform analysis
C. MRI
D. CT angiography
A
Page 2671. When the ABI is borderline or normal despite symptoms suggestive of claudication, an exercise ABI is recommended.
First line therapy for the treatment of obstructive peripheral artery disease except
A. Cilostazol
B. Clopidogrel
C. Statin therapy
D. Exercise program
B
The major risk factor for the development of atheromatous embolism is:
A. Atherosclerotic disease of the thoracic or
abdominal aorta
B. Coronary artery disease
C. Peripheral artery disease
D. Abdominal aortic aneurysm
A
Page 2676. The major risk factor for the development of atheromatous embolism is atherosclerotic disease of the thoracic or abdominal aorta.
Arteriography findings, in particular findings of corkscrew-shaped collaterals, are typical, but not pathognomonic for the condition.
A. Peripheral artery disease
B. Atheromatous embolism
C. Thromboangiitis obliterans
D. Livedo Racemosa
C
Characteristic of livedo racemosa except:
A. Symmetric, fishnet-like red or purple mottling with a pale conical core
B. May improve with warming but no complete resolution
C. Symptoms related to associated causative disorder
D. Surrounding skin shows purpura, nodules, macules, ulcerations, atrophie blanche– type scarring
A
Page 2682. Table 148-11. A is a characteristic of livedo reticularis. Livedo Racemosa - Asymmetric, irregular, and “broken”
This is the cooccurrence of primary lymphedema and myelodysplasia/acute myeloid leukemia.
A. Emberger Syndrome
B. Milroy Syndrome
C. Lymphedema-Distichiasis
D. Elephanthiasis Nostras Verrucosa
A
most classic symptom of PAD
intermittent claudication,
which is usually described as pain, fatigue, or tiredness in a defined muscle group distal to the diseased vascular segment upon walking that is relieved by rest
peripheral arterial disease is most common in what artery
distal superficial femoral artery
patients most commonly present with claudication in the calf muscle area (the muscle group just distal to the arterial disease)
Features of Acute limb ischemia
hallmark noncutaneous finding in PAD
Decreased or absent pulses distal to the stenotic arterial segment
Bruits on auscultation over the diseased segment of vessel as a result of turbulent flow also may be present
How do you test for collateral circulation
- With the patient supine, elevation of the limb at a 45-degree angle for 2 minutes should not produce pallor.
- Collateral circulation is deemed inadequate if the toes and feet become pale.
- The patient then assumes a sitting position with the legs dependent, and the time for filling of the foot veins and flushing of the feet is measured.
- The veins should fill within 20 seconds and the feet flush immediately in a warm environment.
- When these times exceed 30 seconds, the collateral circulation is deemed inadequate, and the patient must be observed frequently for the development of rest pain, ulcers, or gangrene.
Most significant atherosclerotic risk factors
DM and smoking
Atherosclerotic risk factors are similar to those identified for coronary artery disease and include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, family history of vascular disease, and obesity.
Under resting conditions, normal blood flow to extremity muscle groups
300 to 400 mL/min
normal ABI
1.00 to 1.40
Of note, patients with heavily calcified or “noncompressible” vessels, most commonly persons with diabetes or of advanced age, may have falsely elevated ABIs (greater than 1.4) despite the presence of significant PAD
Abnormal ABI
less than or equal to 0.90
Borderline ABI
0.91 to 0.99
How can you differentiate diabetic neuropathy ulcer from arterial limb ulcers
Diabetic neuropathic ulcers:
- may develop on the heel, toes, or shin in the presence of normal pulses. These painless (neurotrophic) ulcers are caused by repetitive trauma not noticed by the patient because of the peripheral neuropathy. With regard to the foot, ulcers often occur over pressure points with a surrounding callus.
Arterial limb ulcer
- exquisitely tender, do not have a preference for pressure points on the foot, and lack a surrounding callus.
most feared consequence of PAD
severe limb-threatening ischemia leading to amputation
Differential Diagnosis of Foot Ulcers
Identify the type of ulcer
Arterial