Why do I bother with names Flashcards
This is one of the most common causes of nephrotic syndrome in adults
Membranous Glomerulopathy
85 % are idiopathic
85% of Membranous glomerulopathy is idiopathic, but what’s bout that 15%?
secondary to
systemic: DM, solid tumor
Rx s/e: gold, penicillamine, nsaids
Infections: Hep B, c, malaria
What is the treatment for radioactive iodine exposure
potassium iodine
competitively inhibits radioactive uptake to prevent radiation induced carcinoma
What is the function of hormone sensitive lipase
lives in adipose
breaks down stored triglycerides –> FFA and glycerol
can provide substrate for gluconeogenesis
Uniform diffuse glomerular thickening without increased cellularity
spikes with silver stain
IgG and C3 deposits
membranous glomerulopathy
What are the symptoms of lead poisoning
Constipation
AMS
microcytic anemia
basophilic stippling
What does PAS stain
Glycoprotein
polysaccharides of fungal wall, mucosubstances, basement membrane
What stains neutral lipid
Nile Red
Sudan Black
What is Alkaline Phosphatase an enzyme marker of
Osteoblasts
Staining can help show bone tumor
What kind of drug is spironolactone
Aldosterone antagonist
spironolactone inhibits reabsorption of sodium, water
Name 2 aldosterone inhibitors
Spironolactone
Eplerenone
What is a function of the gallbladder
reabsorb water from the bile
How does cystinuria present
cystine kidney stone in childhood
What are brown pigment stones?
ass. w/ biliary tract infection
pigment stones arise from unconj. bilirubin
What are black pigment stones?
occurs in setting of hemolytic anemia
What are some common findings in sarcoidosis
↑ Ace Erythema nodosum Arthralgia Hilar Lymphadenopathy Scattered non caseating granulomas in liver
Periportal hepatic fibrosis is a pathologic finding in
Chronic viral hepatitis
What do NK cells express on cell surface
CD16, CD56
Where do NK cells mature
TRICK! they do not need to mature like T cells. Present in athymic pts
Do APCS use NK cells
No. NK can activate without exposure to antigen.
What activates an NK cell
interferon gamma
IL 12
How do NKs kill
kill cells with ↓ MHC 1 (virus/tumor cell)
contain perforins and granzymes in cytoplasmic granules
Induce apoptosis
What is a a rare but serious side effect of antithyroid drugs
agranulocytosis
Which of the Men’s shows a marfanoid habitus
Men Type 2 b.
B for Bunn
Which of the men’s has 1o hyperparathyroid
Type 1
Hypercalcemia
Which of the men’s has medullary thyroid cancer and pheochromo
2a and 2b
Tumor makes calcitonin
How can you increase the sound heard in a VSD
increase afterload, like a handgrip maneuver
vsd= low pitched holosystolic murmur
What is the prominent congenital long QT syndrome called
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
long qt–> syncope and torsades de pointes
Also have neurosensory deafness
What is Losartan
Angiotensin II receptor blocker
competitvly binds angio 2 receptor, blocking angio 2, –> vascular smooth m relaxation–> decreased aldosterone
What do ANP and BNP do
act like NO
Increase cGMP–> relaxes smooth muscle–> vasodilation
This is the active form of vitamin d
, 25- dihydroxycholecalciferol
What is the insulin receptor made of
2 alpha and 2 beta units
alpha is extracellular- binds insulin
beta are internal and contain TK domain
What binds UA Ca and prevents kidney stone via facilating ca excretion
Citrate
Potassium citrate may be prescribed to help stones when diet isn’t working
Define tumor lysis syndrome
↑ tumor cell turn over with chemo–> ↑ K, Phos, and Uric acid
Where is the lowest pH found in the nephron
distal tubules and collecting ducts
What is Hageman factor
factor 12
deficiency usually not a problem
WHat is DNA pol 1
in prokaryots
5’–>3’ exonuc activity
Removes RNA primer
Where would an ulcer almost never be malignant
Duodenum
What increases the risk of myopathy in statin use
Fibrates, particularly gemfibrozil
b/c they impair hepatic clearence of statin
What is cholestyramine
bile acid sequestrant
What heart findings are typical in carcinoid syndrome
right sided endocardial fibrosis–> pulm valve stenosis/ restrictive cardiomyopathy
↑ plasma homocysteine has been linked to
Arterial and venous thrombosis and atherosclerosis
How long to see the very first changes in an MI
4 hours to see any change (coag necrosis)
