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UWorld journal > Immunology, Neuro, and Renal Day > Flashcards

Immunology, Neuro, and Renal Day Flashcards

1
Q

What inervates the diaphragm

A

C3- C5 keeps the diagphragm alive

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2
Q

What does the corticospinal tract carry

A

Motor stuff

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3
Q

What nerve is injured in foot drop

A

Common peroneal

weak dorsiflexion and eversion and steppage gait

Sensory loss over lateral leg and dorsum of foot

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4
Q

What nerve damage results in wrist drop

A

Radial ~c7

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5
Q

The “M” of the brachial plexus is

A

Upper

Musculocutaneous

Median

Ulnar

lower

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6
Q

What cute nerve split is directly above the brachial plexus M

A

The ~C7 cord splits into axillary and radial

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7
Q

What are the 2 classes of dopamine agonists

A

Ergot- bromocriptine

Non-ergot- Pramipexole, ropinirole

Both directly stimulate Da receptors

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8
Q

How does Phenoytoin work and what is the major side effect

A

Blocks Voltage gated Na channels- treats SZ

s/e: gingival hyperplasia from ↑ platelet derived growth factor–> ↑ Macs–> proliferation of gums

other s/e: CNS stuff, ataxia and nystagmus

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9
Q

What is the precursor AA for serotonin

A

Tryptophan

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10
Q

How do you treat SSRI overdose

A

Cycproheptadine - an antihistamine and anti- 5ht

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11
Q

What is the treatment for benzo overdose

A

Flumazenil

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12
Q

What is parkinsons deep brain stimulation targeted against

A

Basil Ganglia type stuff

exactly: globul palidus internus
Subthalmic nucleus

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13
Q

Why does deep brain stimulation at globus palidus internus or subthalmic nucleaus help

A

basically the Da movement pathways are directed here

GPe–> STN–> GPi–> thalmus–> cortex–> movement

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14
Q

This seizure is no LOC + brief jerking movements

A

Myoclonic

rx: broad spectrum, is valproic acid

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15
Q

This SZ has LOC and diffuse muscle contraction

A

Tonic Clonic

rx: broad spectrum, ie Valporic acid

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16
Q

This SZ has a sorta LOC (blank stare) with NO postictal state

A

Absence

rx: ethosuximide

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17
Q

What is / When do you use a narrow spectrum SZ drug

A

Simple or complex SZ

Rx: Phenytoin, phenobarb, Gabapentin, etc

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18
Q

Compare simple and complex SZ

A

Both: Focal

simple: NO LOC

Complex: HAS LOC

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19
Q

What CNS tumor is asc. w/ EBV

A

Primary CNS Lymphoma

Aids defining illness

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20
Q

What is cerebral amyloid angiopathy like

A
  • Most common reason for spontaneous hemorrhage seen in elderly
  • usually seen in occipital and parietal lobe
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21
Q

What is a aneurysm rupture due to HTN involving deep brain structures

A

Charcot Bouchard aneurysm

Usually involves the basil ganglia

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22
Q

This is the most common cause of brain hemorrhage in children

A

Brain AVM

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23
Q

What is the prefered combo therapy for parkinson’s

A

BALSA

Bromocriptine or Pramipexole 
Amantadine (↑ Da)
Levodopa(with Carbidopa) 
Selegiline- COMT inhibitor 
Antimuscarinic
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24
Q

How does selegiline work and what do we use it for

A

Inhibits MAO type B, helps in Parkinsons

25
Q

How does Amantadine work

A

invented vs flu
BUT

HAs dopaminergic activity, and anticholinergic therefore helps in parkinson’s

26
Q

What is the most common reason for the hook “worst headache of my life”

A

Worst HA of life= Subarachnoid

Most common cause of subarachnoid= Saccular (berry) aneurysm

Could also be an AVM

27
Q

Where do saccular (berry) aneurysms tend to occur and who usually has them

A

In the circle of willis

seen often in ehlos danlos and AD-PCKD

28
Q

What does CSF look like in subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

Xanthochromia- aka yellowish

29
Q

Stroking out this area will lead to wild involuntary large amplitude movements

A

Subthalamic nuc (part of basil ganglia)

often seen in setting of lacunar stroke from chronic DM and HTN

30
Q

How does ethosuximide work

A

blocks T type Ca channel

31
Q

What do T type Ca channels do

A

trigger rhythmic pulsed discharges in thalamic neurons

32
Q

How does a meningioma present

A

Often asympt, may have Sz

Forms psammoma body on histology

33
Q

What nerve mediates larynx muscles

A

Vagus

34
Q

What mediates taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue

A

Chorda tympani of facial

*also mediates saliva

35
Q

Which Chiari malformation is the most common

A

Type 1- benign and more common. s/s: ataxia, dizzy

Type 2- severe. usually has myelomeningocele and noncommunicating hydrocephalus

36
Q

What generally causes Vertigo

A

dysfx in the vestibular system

ex: inner ear

37
Q

What nerves are in the cavernous sinus

A

CN 3- 6
(minus V3)

Also some internal caratoid

38
Q

This is a vascular malformation in the brain that has an increased risk for intracerebral hemorrhage

A

Cavernous hemangioma

pts often have sz as well

39
Q

How does atropine work

A

reversible cholinergic antagonist selective for M

40
Q

How do you reverse atropine

A

Cholinesterase inhibitor ex: physostigmine

b/c atropine is reversible anti-M, just load them up with Ach to out compete and let M work again

41
Q

What are the primary childhood brain cancers

A 
#1- Pilocytic
# 2- Medulblastoma
#3- Ependymoma

cranipharyngioma, pinealoma

42
Q

This disease will show UMN and LMN lesions

A

ALS

loss of anterior horn
Demylination of lateral corticospinal tract

43
Q

Paralysis of the _______ m (innervated by 7) leads to hyperacusis

A

Stapedius M on middle ear (attaches to stapes)

hyperacusis: increased sensitivity to sound

44
Q

Myotonic dystrophy is

A

Trinuc repeat of CTG

baldness
testicle atrophy 
cataracts 
muscle dystrophy 
arrhythmias
45
Q

What neurotransmitter is missing in huntington

A

GABA

46
Q

How do you treat neuromalignant syndrome

A

Dantrolene

47
Q

Where is most water in kidney absorbed regardless of anything (hydration, etc)

A

Proximal tube- passive water absorption

48
Q

What parts of the kidney never absorb water

A

Ascending loop of henle

Early DCT

49
Q

Why do we conjugate polysaccharide vaccines

A

Polysac alone= b cell response

Polysach + protein conjugate= B and T cell (has memory, lasts longer)

50
Q

What type of cell is a juxtaglomerular cell

A

A modified smooth muscle cell with renin containing zymogen granules

51
Q

How does ↑ aldosterone present

A

Hypertension
Muscle Weakness
Hypokalemia

52
Q

What are the 3 ways to treat CMV

A

Gancyclovir
Foscarnet
Cidofovir

53
Q

This anti CMV drug is a pyrophosphate analog

A

Foscarnet

54
Q

What are the side effects of foscarnet

A 
Nephrotoxicity
electrolyte abnormalities
↑ or ↓ of Ca and Phos
hypokalemia
hypomagnesemia
55
Q

If you break your humorous, and damage the radial nerve, what artery did you also hurt

A

Deep Brachial

Runs with the radial

56
Q

What choromosome is messed up in wilms tumors

A

11

57
Q

What chromo is messed up in RB

A

13

58
Q

What chromo is messed up in Nf-1

A

17

59
Q

Where is c-myc

A

chrmo 8

UWorld journal (51 decks)

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