GET DOWN TO BUISNESS Flashcards
What takes pyruvate to the TCA cycle
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
thiamine cofactor
If there is no oxygen, what happens when you get to pyruvate
Pyruvate is converted into lactate by lactate dehydrogenase
If vessels R1 R2 and R3 are in parallel, how do you calculate total resistance
1/ TPR= 1/r1 + 1/r2 + 1/r3
Best explanation for total body circulation
if vessels are in series how do you calculate total resistance
Total resistance= r1 + r2+ r3 ….
(just add)
good descriptor for blood flow to an organ
BIOCHEM TIME! what cofactor helps amino acid metabolism
Pyridoxal phosphate- B6
cofactor in amino acid transamination and decarboxylation
What are NAD and NADP made from
Niacin
What are the risk factors for placenta accreta
Prior C section
What kind of acid / base problem comes with Aspirin OD
Resp Alkalosis- aspirin stimulates medullary respiratory center
Anion gap metabolic acidosis- uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation
what is metaplasia
when a normal cell type is replaced by an abnormal cell type
barrett–> squamous to columnar
smoking- columnar to squamous
This presents with
- hypercoag/ thrombosis
- Ectopia lentis
- Intellectual disability
homocytinuria
What is elevated in blood in homocystinuria
homocysteine builds up–> hypermethioninemia
What i wrong in homocystinuria
Defect in cystathionine
inability to form cysteine from homocysteine
cysteine becomes essential in diet
What do proteins destined for lysosome require
phosphorylation of manos in golgi
if you cant= inclusion cell disease
What is the wobble hypothesis
part of DNA being degenerate
wobble pairing = tRNA can recognize multiple codons coding for same amino acid (bond right to first 2 bases, 3 base obble binds)
What is the primary function of vitamin c
hydroxylation of proline and lysine (in collagen synthesis)
What is the purpose of vit b12
methyltransferase cofactor
DNA and methionine synthesis
What does vitamin b9 do
b9= folic acid
purine and thymine synthesis
What does vit b6 do
b6= pyridoxine
transamination in AA synthesis
What does Vitamin b3 do
b3= niacin
Hydrogen acceptor NAD/NADH
What does Riboflavin do
b2
mitochondrial h carrier
What does thiamine do
decarboxylation of a-keto-acids
b2 deficiency
angular cheilosis
stomatitis (mouth sore)
glossitis
Normocytic anemia
b6 deficiency
cheilosis
stomatitis
glossitis
What is THE LAST step of collagen synthesis
covalent cross links made by lysyl oxidase
What is first steps of collagen synthesis that occurs in the ER
1- Pre-Pro - a chain –>
2- Pro a chain–>
3-Vitamin C dependant hydroxylation of proline and lysine –>
4- Glycosylation of hydroxylysine
5- assembly of pro-a- chains into procollagen triple helix
What happens to collagen after it leaves the golgi
procollagen peptidase trims the sides up into tropocollagen
collagen bits spontaneously form
lysyl hydroxylase covalently cross links
What does helicase do
unwind DNA
What does Gyrase do/ what is another name for it
removes supercoils
topoisomerase
What does DNA POL 3 do
5’–>3’ dna synthesis
proofreads 3’–> 5’
What direction is dna made
5’ –> 3’
What is special that DNA POL 1 does
acts like dno pol 3
ALSO removes RNA primer - 5’–> 3’ exonuclease and replaces w/ DNA
This is the old person change that makes them need glasses
Presbyopia
age related trouble with accommodation
cannot focus on near objects
Objects near are blurry
hyperopia
light focuses behind the retina
Objects far away appear blurry
Myopia- Near sighted
Light focused in front of retina
What is statistical power
1- B
B= probability of a type 2 error
What is a type 2 error
FALSE NEGATIVE
B= blinded by the truth
concluding that there is not a difference, when actually there is a difference
null hypothesis is not rejected, when in fact it is false
What is type 1 error
FALSE POSITIVE
a= “a”bserved a difference that did not exist
saying there is an effect when there is really no effect
NUll hypothesis rejected when it shouldn’t be
How do you increase power
↑ power = ↓ B
↑ sample size, expected effect size, and precision
What does infliximab target
TNF a
IBD, RA, ankly spon, psoriasis
What does retuximad target
CD 20
What creates the resting membrane potential of -70 mV
high K conductance
some Na conductance
These drugs will increase insulin release
Sulfonylurea
Meglitinide
inhibits B -cell K atp channel
This drug for DM will cause lactic acidosis
Metformin
stimulates AMPK, decreasing glu production by liver
Name/ how do thiazolidinediones work
Pioglitazone
Rosiglitazone
Activates PPAR- y, and decreases insulin resistance
What is Exenatide
GLP-1 drug
↑ glu dependant insulin
↓ Glucagon secretion
↓ Gastric emptying
What is the side effect of Lireglutide
Pancreatitis
This is a GLP-1 Drug w/ exenatide. They share pancreatitis as the s/e
What is Sitagliptin and Saxaglipton
DPP4- inhibitor
Increases natural GLP-1 and GIP
What is acrabose
a- glucosidase inhibitor, ↓ intestinal sugar absorption
Name the SGLT2 inhibitors
Canagliflozin
Dapagliflozin
↑ renal glu extraction
(more FLOZ-INto the ua)
Releases watery secretion w/o membrane loss
Merocrine gland
ex: salivary
Releases membrane bound vesicle
Apocrine gland
ex: mamillary
Entire content of cell lysis
Holocrine gland
sebaceous glands
What is primary central nervous lymphome
large non hodgkin lymphoma
B cell origin
Can come from EBV
TB rx- inhibits DNA dependant RNA pol
Rifampin
TB rx- inhibition of mycolic acid
Isoniazid
Inhibition of arabinosyl transferase
ethambutol- tb rx
What is streptomycin
aminoglycoside
What enzyme is decreased and what enzyme is increased in Lesh Nyhan
Purine salvage problem
↑ PRPP amidotransferase to make purines de novo
↓ Hypoxanthine-guanine phophoribosyltransferase
Inheritance of lech nyne
X linked Recessive
