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Question 1

What takes pyruvate to the TCA cycle

Answer 1

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

thiamine cofactor

Question 2

If there is no oxygen, what happens when you get to pyruvate

Answer 2

Pyruvate is converted into lactate by lactate dehydrogenase

Question 3

If vessels R1 R2 and R3 are in parallel, how do you calculate total resistance

Answer 3

1/ TPR= 1/r1 + 1/r2 + 1/r3

Best explanation for total body circulation

Question 4

if vessels are in series how do you calculate total resistance

Answer 4

Total resistance= r1 + r2+ r3 ….
(just add)

good descriptor for blood flow to an organ

Question 5

BIOCHEM TIME! what cofactor helps amino acid metabolism

Answer 5

Pyridoxal phosphate- B6

cofactor in amino acid transamination and decarboxylation

Question 6

What are NAD and NADP made from

Answer 6

Niacin

Question 7

What are the risk factors for placenta accreta

Answer 7

Prior C section

Question 8

What kind of acid / base problem comes with Aspirin OD

Answer 8

Resp Alkalosis- aspirin stimulates medullary respiratory center

Anion gap metabolic acidosis- uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation

Question 9

what is metaplasia

Answer 9

when a normal cell type is replaced by an abnormal cell type

barrett–> squamous to columnar

smoking- columnar to squamous

Question 10

This presents with

• hypercoag/ thrombosis
• Ectopia lentis
• Intellectual disability

Answer 10

homocytinuria

Question 11

What is elevated in blood in homocystinuria

Answer 11

homocysteine builds up–> hypermethioninemia

Question 12

What i wrong in homocystinuria

Answer 12

Defect in cystathionine

inability to form cysteine from homocysteine

cysteine becomes essential in diet

Question 13

What do proteins destined for lysosome require

Answer 13

phosphorylation of manos in golgi

if you cant= inclusion cell disease

Question 14

What is the wobble hypothesis

Answer 14

part of DNA being degenerate

wobble pairing = tRNA can recognize multiple codons coding for same amino acid (bond right to first 2 bases, 3 base obble binds)

Question 15

What is the primary function of vitamin c

Answer 15

hydroxylation of proline and lysine (in collagen synthesis)

Question 16

What is the purpose of vit b12

Answer 16

methyltransferase cofactor

DNA and methionine synthesis

Question 17

What does vitamin b9 do

Answer 17

b9= folic acid

purine and thymine synthesis

Question 18

What does vit b6 do

Answer 18

b6= pyridoxine

transamination in AA synthesis

Question 19

What does Vitamin b3 do

Answer 19

b3= niacin

Hydrogen acceptor NAD/NADH

Question 20

What does Riboflavin do

Answer 20

b2

mitochondrial h carrier

Question 21

What does thiamine do

Answer 21

decarboxylation of a-keto-acids

Question 22

b2 deficiency

Answer 22

angular cheilosis
stomatitis (mouth sore)
glossitis

Normocytic anemia

Question 23

b6 deficiency

Answer 23

cheilosis
stomatitis
glossitis

Question 24

What is THE LAST step of collagen synthesis

Answer 24

covalent cross links made by lysyl oxidase

Question 25

What is first steps of collagen synthesis that occurs in the ER

Answer 25

1- Pre-Pro - a chain --> 2- Pro a chain--> 3-Vitamin C dependant hydroxylation of proline and lysine --> 4- Glycosylation of hydroxylysine 5- assembly of pro-a- chains into procollagen triple helix

Question 26

What happens to collagen after it leaves the golgi

Answer 26

procollagen peptidase trims the sides up into tropocollagen collagen bits spontaneously form lysyl hydroxylase covalently cross links

Question 27

What does helicase do

Answer 27

unwind DNA

Question 28

What does Gyrase do/ what is another name for it

Answer 28

removes supercoils topoisomerase

Question 29

What does DNA POL 3 do

Answer 29

5'-->3' dna synthesis proofreads 3'--> 5'

Question 30

What direction is dna made

Answer 30

5' --> 3'

Question 31

What is special that DNA POL 1 does

Answer 31

acts like dno pol 3 ALSO removes RNA primer - 5'--> 3' exonuclease and replaces w/ DNA

Question 32

This is the old person change that makes them need glasses

Answer 32

Presbyopia age related trouble with accommodation cannot focus on near objects

Question 33

Objects near are blurry

Answer 33

hyperopia light focuses behind the retina

Question 34

Objects far away appear blurry

Answer 34

Myopia- Near sighted Light focused in front of retina

Question 35

What is statistical power

Answer 35

1- B B= probability of a type 2 error

Question 36

What is a type 2 error

Answer 36

FALSE NEGATIVE B= blinded by the truth concluding that there is not a difference, when actually there is a difference null hypothesis is not rejected, when in fact it is false

Question 37

What is type 1 error

Answer 37

FALSE POSITIVE a= "a"bserved a difference that did not exist saying there is an effect when there is really no effect NUll hypothesis rejected when it shouldn't be

Question 38

How do you increase power

Answer 38

↑ power = ↓ B ↑ sample size, expected effect size, and precision

Question 39

What does infliximab target

Answer 39

TNF a IBD, RA, ankly spon, psoriasis

Question 40

What does retuximad target

Answer 40

CD 20

Question 41

What creates the resting membrane potential of -70 mV

Answer 41

high K conductance some Na conductance

Question 42

These drugs will increase insulin release

Answer 42

Sulfonylurea Meglitinide inhibits B -cell K atp channel

Question 43

This drug for DM will cause lactic acidosis

Answer 43

Metformin stimulates AMPK, decreasing glu production by liver

Question 44

Name/ how do thiazolidinediones work

Answer 44

Pioglitazone Rosiglitazone Activates PPAR- y, and decreases insulin resistance

Question 45

What is Exenatide

Answer 45

GLP-1 drug ↑ glu dependant insulin ↓ Glucagon secretion ↓ Gastric emptying

Question 46

What is the side effect of Lireglutide

Answer 46

Pancreatitis This is a GLP-1 Drug w/ exenatide. They share pancreatitis as the s/e

Question 47

What is Sitagliptin and Saxaglipton

Answer 47

DPP4- inhibitor Increases natural GLP-1 and GIP

Question 48

What is acrabose

Answer 48

a- glucosidase inhibitor, ↓ intestinal sugar absorption

Question 49

Name the SGLT2 inhibitors

Answer 49

Canagliflozin Dapagliflozin ↑ renal glu extraction (more FLOZ-INto the ua)

Question 50

Releases watery secretion w/o membrane loss

Answer 50

Merocrine gland | ex: salivary

Question 51

Releases membrane bound vesicle

Answer 51

Apocrine gland | ex: mamillary

Question 52

Entire content of cell lysis

Answer 52

Holocrine gland sebaceous glands

Question 53

What is primary central nervous lymphome

Answer 53

large non hodgkin lymphoma B cell origin Can come from EBV

Question 54

TB rx- inhibits DNA dependant RNA pol

Answer 54

Rifampin

Question 55

TB rx- inhibition of mycolic acid

Answer 55

Isoniazid

Question 56

Inhibition of arabinosyl transferase

Answer 56

ethambutol- tb rx

Question 57

What is streptomycin

Answer 57

aminoglycoside

Question 58

What enzyme is decreased and what enzyme is increased in Lesh Nyhan

Answer 58

Purine salvage problem ↑ PRPP amidotransferase to make purines de novo ↓ Hypoxanthine-guanine phophoribosyltransferase

Question 59

Inheritance of lech nyne

Answer 59

X linked Recessive