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UWorld journal > GET DOWN TO BUISNESS > Flashcards

GET DOWN TO BUISNESS Flashcards

1
Q

What takes pyruvate to the TCA cycle

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

thiamine cofactor

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2
Q

If there is no oxygen, what happens when you get to pyruvate

A

Pyruvate is converted into lactate by lactate dehydrogenase

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3
Q

If vessels R1 R2 and R3 are in parallel, how do you calculate total resistance

A

1/ TPR= 1/r1 + 1/r2 + 1/r3

Best explanation for total body circulation

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4
Q

if vessels are in series how do you calculate total resistance

A

Total resistance= r1 + r2+ r3 ….
(just add)

good descriptor for blood flow to an organ

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5
Q

BIOCHEM TIME! what cofactor helps amino acid metabolism

A

Pyridoxal phosphate- B6

cofactor in amino acid transamination and decarboxylation

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6
Q

What are NAD and NADP made from

A

Niacin

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7
Q

What are the risk factors for placenta accreta

A

Prior C section

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8
Q

What kind of acid / base problem comes with Aspirin OD

A

Resp Alkalosis- aspirin stimulates medullary respiratory center

Anion gap metabolic acidosis- uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation

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9
Q

what is metaplasia

A

when a normal cell type is replaced by an abnormal cell type

barrett–> squamous to columnar

smoking- columnar to squamous

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10
Q

This presents with

  • hypercoag/ thrombosis
  • Ectopia lentis
  • Intellectual disability
A

homocytinuria

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11
Q

What is elevated in blood in homocystinuria

A

homocysteine builds up–> hypermethioninemia

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12
Q

What i wrong in homocystinuria

A

Defect in cystathionine

inability to form cysteine from homocysteine

cysteine becomes essential in diet

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13
Q

What do proteins destined for lysosome require

A

phosphorylation of manos in golgi

if you cant= inclusion cell disease

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14
Q

What is the wobble hypothesis

A

part of DNA being degenerate

wobble pairing = tRNA can recognize multiple codons coding for same amino acid (bond right to first 2 bases, 3 base obble binds)

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15
Q

What is the primary function of vitamin c

A

hydroxylation of proline and lysine (in collagen synthesis)

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16
Q

What is the purpose of vit b12

A

methyltransferase cofactor

DNA and methionine synthesis

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17
Q

What does vitamin b9 do

A

b9= folic acid

purine and thymine synthesis

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18
Q

What does vit b6 do

A

b6= pyridoxine

transamination in AA synthesis

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19
Q

What does Vitamin b3 do

A

b3= niacin

Hydrogen acceptor NAD/NADH

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20
Q

What does Riboflavin do

A

b2

mitochondrial h carrier

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21
Q

What does thiamine do

A

decarboxylation of a-keto-acids

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22
Q

b2 deficiency

A

angular cheilosis
stomatitis (mouth sore)
glossitis

Normocytic anemia

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23
Q

b6 deficiency

A

cheilosis
stomatitis
glossitis

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24
Q

What is THE LAST step of collagen synthesis

A

covalent cross links made by lysyl oxidase

25
Q

What is first steps of collagen synthesis that occurs in the ER

A

1- Pre-Pro - a chain –>

2- Pro a chain–>

3-Vitamin C dependant hydroxylation of proline and lysine –>

4- Glycosylation of hydroxylysine

5- assembly of pro-a- chains into procollagen triple helix

26
Q

What happens to collagen after it leaves the golgi

A

procollagen peptidase trims the sides up into tropocollagen

collagen bits spontaneously form

lysyl hydroxylase covalently cross links

27
Q

What does helicase do

A

unwind DNA

28
Q

What does Gyrase do/ what is another name for it

A

removes supercoils

topoisomerase

29
Q

What does DNA POL 3 do

A

5’–>3’ dna synthesis

proofreads 3’–> 5’

30
Q

What direction is dna made

A

5’ –> 3’

31
Q

What is special that DNA POL 1 does

A

acts like dno pol 3

ALSO removes RNA primer - 5’–> 3’ exonuclease and replaces w/ DNA

32
Q

This is the old person change that makes them need glasses

A

Presbyopia

age related trouble with accommodation

cannot focus on near objects

33
Q

Objects near are blurry

A

hyperopia

light focuses behind the retina

34
Q

Objects far away appear blurry

A

Myopia- Near sighted

Light focused in front of retina

35
Q

What is statistical power

A

1- B

B= probability of a type 2 error

36
Q

What is a type 2 error

A

FALSE NEGATIVE

B= blinded by the truth

concluding that there is not a difference, when actually there is a difference

null hypothesis is not rejected, when in fact it is false

37
Q

What is type 1 error

A

FALSE POSITIVE

a= “a”bserved a difference that did not exist

saying there is an effect when there is really no effect

NUll hypothesis rejected when it shouldn’t be

38
Q

How do you increase power

A

↑ power = ↓ B

↑ sample size, expected effect size, and precision

39
Q

What does infliximab target

A

TNF a

IBD, RA, ankly spon, psoriasis

40
Q

What does retuximad target

A

CD 20

41
Q

What creates the resting membrane potential of -70 mV

A

high K conductance

some Na conductance

42
Q

These drugs will increase insulin release

A

Sulfonylurea
Meglitinide

inhibits B -cell K atp channel

43
Q

This drug for DM will cause lactic acidosis

A

Metformin

stimulates AMPK, decreasing glu production by liver

44
Q

Name/ how do thiazolidinediones work

A

Pioglitazone
Rosiglitazone

Activates PPAR- y, and decreases insulin resistance

45
Q

What is Exenatide

A

GLP-1 drug

↑ glu dependant insulin

↓ Glucagon secretion
↓ Gastric emptying

46
Q

What is the side effect of Lireglutide

A

Pancreatitis

This is a GLP-1 Drug w/ exenatide. They share pancreatitis as the s/e

47
Q

What is Sitagliptin and Saxaglipton

A

DPP4- inhibitor

Increases natural GLP-1 and GIP

48
Q

What is acrabose

A

a- glucosidase inhibitor, ↓ intestinal sugar absorption

49
Q

Name the SGLT2 inhibitors

A

Canagliflozin
Dapagliflozin

↑ renal glu extraction

(more FLOZ-INto the ua)

50
Q

Releases watery secretion w/o membrane loss

A

Merocrine gland

ex: salivary

51
Q

Releases membrane bound vesicle

A

Apocrine gland

ex: mamillary

52
Q

Entire content of cell lysis

A

Holocrine gland

sebaceous glands

53
Q

What is primary central nervous lymphome

A

large non hodgkin lymphoma

B cell origin

Can come from EBV

54
Q

TB rx- inhibits DNA dependant RNA pol

A

Rifampin

55
Q

TB rx- inhibition of mycolic acid

A

Isoniazid

56
Q

Inhibition of arabinosyl transferase

A

ethambutol- tb rx

57
Q

What is streptomycin

A

aminoglycoside

58
Q

What enzyme is decreased and what enzyme is increased in Lesh Nyhan

A

Purine salvage problem

↑ PRPP amidotransferase to make purines de novo

↓ Hypoxanthine-guanine phophoribosyltransferase

59
Q

Inheritance of lech nyne

A

X linked Recessive

UWorld journal (51 decks)

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