Cardio 2.0 Flashcards

1
Q

What can left atrial enlargement cause

A

Esophageal compression–> dysphagia

LA is anterior to esophagus

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2
Q

What is middle meningeal artery a branch of

A

Maxillary a.

artery is deep to the pterion (skull junction)

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3
Q

WHat is most common COD 2-3 days after MI

A

V fib

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4
Q

What is a common COD 5-14 days post MI

A

LV wall rupture

happens when immune system has substantially weakened the wall –> coag necrosis

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5
Q

What is the #1 risk factor for aortic dissection

A

HTN

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6
Q

What is nitric oxide synthesized from

A

Arginine

NO gets made when ↑ Ca–> eNOS–> Arg + O2 to NO + citrulline

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7
Q

What does NO act upon to cause vasodilation

A

NO acts on Guanylate Cyclase to:

GTP– (guanylate cyclase)–> cGMP –> vasodilation

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8
Q

What mediates vascular endothelial vasodilation

A
AcH
Bradykinin
5HT
Substance P
shear forces
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9
Q

What are some non- infective causes of endocarditis

A

it is platelets stuck to the valve

asc. w/ advanced malignancy, chronic inflammation, and sepsis

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10
Q

How long does it take to lose contractility in heart after ishmeia

A

loss of cardiac contractility occurs after 60 seconds

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11
Q

How long for irreversible damage after cardiac ischemia

A

30 minutes

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12
Q

How do you calculate CO with the fick principle

A

CO= O2 consumed / AV O2 difference

cardiac output is equal to oxygen consumption of tissue / av oxygen difference

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13
Q

What can niacin treat

A

Hyperlipidemia

↑ HDL, ↓ LDL and ↓ TriGlyc

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14
Q

What are the s/e of niacin

A

flushing, warmth, itching

Mediated by PGs*

Aspirin 30 min before can minimize s/e

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15
Q

Wht is the most common congenital heart defect

A

VSD

causes holosystolic murmur over left sternal border

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16
Q

why might someone have right heart failure and no edema

A

↑ lymph drainage can compensate for moderate cvp elevations

when lymph capacity overwhelmed–> edema

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17
Q

If cardiac upstroke is slanty like, what antiarrhythmic drug drug are

A

Class 1

Blocks Na channel

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18
Q

What are the class 1a Cardiac Drugs

A

quinidine
disopyramide
procainamide

(prom queen disappears, to heartbreak hotel)

19
Q

What two factor are the most important in determining coronary blood flow

A

NO- from arginine, for larger vessels
Adenosine- from atp, for small vessel

both vasodilate

20
Q

What rxn type does warfarin block

A

carboxylation

21
Q

What is the name of factor 2a

22
Q

What does thrombin do

A

fibrinogen –> fibrin

23
Q

When would you/ when would you not use spironolactone/ eplerenone

A

Use in: decomp heart failure to improve survival

avoid in: hyperk or renal failure

24
Q

Describe the use dependance of class 1a arrhythmia drugs

A

class 1a= Na blocker drugs w/ use dependance

use dependance= higher rates of depolarization lead to increased Na blocking

25
What mediates phase 0 non pacemeaker AP
phase 0= rapid depol rapid Na entery in voltage gated na channel
26
what mediates phase 1 non pacemaker AP
transient outward K current - early repolarization Rapid decline of inward Na
27
Describe phase 2 non pacemaker AP
Plataue phase Late inward ca current Outward k current
28
Describe phase 3 non pacemaker AP
late repolerization Opening more k channel
29
Describe phase 4 non pacemaker AP
normal resting membrane -80 to - 95 mV Na K ATPase pumps k in and na out but k leaks out
30
Compare phase 0 of non pacemaker and pacemaker cell
non pacemaker= na influx pacemaker= ca influx
31
How do statins work on cell surface
- statins cause LDL receptor density increase | - ↑ receptors--> ↑ LDL uptake --> ↓ serum LDL
32
What heart drug leads to hyperK
Digoxin- Na-K-ATPase inhibitor
33
What are s/s of digoxin toxicity
``` NV AMS Weakness color vision change hyperk ```
34
What are s/s of spironolactone toxicity
hyperk gynecomastia impotence decreased libido
35
What is Milrinone
-one in a million donkey campaign (digoxin dance) -works via PDE block (no cAMP-->AMP) poster reads: do not foster disinterest - ↑ cAMP--> ↑ Ca--> ↑ Contractility (strong donkey) - s/e: vasodilation, bad in hypotension
36
What is myocardial hibernation
state seen in chronic myocardial ischemia myocardial metabolism ↓ to match ↓ blood
37
What are the consequences of myocardial hibernation
LV systolic dysfunction from reduced blood flow can be fixed or partially fixed by giving back better blood flow
38
What is the vasa vasorum
small blood vessels that supply large blood vessels syphilis destroys these
39
What leads to varicose veins
incompetence of venous valves
40
What does persistent lymphedema predispose to
lymphangiosarcoma- malig neoplasm of endothelial lining of the lymph often seen in arms after breast cancer removal
41
What are some of the less obvious reasons to avoid OCPs
Hx of estrogen tumor, ↑ triglycerides, or liver disease (steroid metabolism) PLUS all the stuff I know you know
42
What is a good specific sign for left heart failure
Orthopnea (trouble breathing laying, good when standing)
43
What is the S3 heart sound
rapid passive ventricular filling sound abnormality ONLY in people 40+ Heard best at the end of expiration
44
Risks for liver hemangiosarcoma
arsenic thorotrast polyvinyl chloride