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UWorld journal > HOME STRETCH! > Flashcards

HOME STRETCH! Flashcards

1
Q

What supplements are needed for exclusive breast fed

A

Vit D

Iron for preterm and low weight

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2
Q

What are some tummy troubles people using opioids might have

A

sphincter of oddi spasm–> ↑ gallbladder pressure

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3
Q

What does ezetimibe do

A

↓ intestinal cholesterol absorption

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4
Q

What do fibrates do

A

activate PPAR-a and ↓ VLDL

Pretty much only drug that can lower triglycerides (fish oil does a little)

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5
Q

What drug ↓ Apolipoprotein B

A

fish oil

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6
Q

What does ↑ triglys do to pancreas

A

pancreas metabolizes it into free fatty acid –> toxic inflammatory effect–> pancreatitis

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7
Q

What type of adenoma is most likely to transform into malignant in colon

A

Villous adenoma can transform to malig more than tubular adenoma

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8
Q

What causes lynch syndrome

A

AD
nucleotide mismatch repair
MSH2, MLH1 genes –> MutS and MutL

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9
Q

Esophageal varices are from HTN where

A

Left gastric

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10
Q

Hemorrhoids are from HTN where

A

superior rectal

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11
Q

CAPUT MEDUSAE ARE FROM htn WHERE

A

PARAUMBILICAL

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12
Q

aldosterone producing adenoma

A

Conn syndrome

hypokalemia
HTN
metabolic alkalosis

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13
Q

outermost layer of adrenal makes

A

aldosterone

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14
Q

symptoms of conn’s syndrome

A

electrolyte problem –> paresthesia, muscle weakness

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15
Q

is there fluid build up in conn

A

no because of aldosterone escape (↓ renin –> ↓ na, limits edema and na problem)

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16
Q

gastric ulcers extend into

A

submucosa

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17
Q

erosion penetrate to

A

muscularis mucosa

BUT they do not go through it

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18
Q

Vertigo–> NV

Rx?

A

H1 and M1 receptor are on vestibular system, use blocker

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19
Q

chemotherapy–> NV

Rx?

A

D2 receptor is in chemotrigger zone, use blocker

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20
Q

gastroenteritis–> NV

Rx?

A

5HT receptor on stomach. use blocker

ONDASETRON

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21
Q

name the non neoplastic polyps

A

hyperplastic polyp
inflammatory- UC and crohn’s
submucosal
mucosal

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22
Q

what determines how bad a polyp is

A

degree of dysplasia

histologic pattern - villous is worse than tubular

size- bigger than 4 cm is especially bad

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23
Q

blocks stomach acid secretion

relieves reflux

A

Ranitidine

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24
Q

what is scopolamine

A

ach receptor antagonist

good for MOTION sickness (not all NV)

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25
Q

How do you treat central nausea

A

seen in acute migraine

d anatgs- metoclopramide, promethazine

usually not first line

26
Q

These two diseases hurt after eating

A

Gastric ulcer- better w/ antacid

Chronic mesenteric ischemia- not better w/ antacid

27
Q

How does leptin work

A

made by adipocytes
goes to hypothalamus
inhibits neuropeptide Y
Makes alpha-MSH

28
Q

What does alpha-MSH do

A

increases satiety

29
Q

What does neuropeptide Y do

A

give you apatite

30
Q

What is a normal way to treat graves

A

radioiodine thyroid ablation

31
Q

What food bypasses phosphofructokinase

A

fructose

this leads to the fact that fructose gets metabolized quicker

key enzymes= fructokinase, Aldolase B

32
Q

How does the body excrete copper

A

secreted into bile–> stool

33
Q

why do you see hemochromatosis more in med

A

Auto phlebotomy once a month

34
Q

Whats a good stain for stool fat

A

sudan 3

35
Q

When does barrett’s have symptoms

A

when its already malignant

36
Q

How does the Lac Operon turn on

A

↑ Lactose–> unbinds repressor/ operate site–> ↑ Transcription

37
Q

What happens to the lac operon when ↓ glucose

A

↑ cAMP (just cuz) –> activate CAP–> ↑ transcription

38
Q

If you compress that pit stalk why is there ↑ prolactin

A

D2 blocks upstream, but the block is compressed so there is no inhibition

39
Q

What normally increases sectrin

A

secretin is released in response to stomach acid

secretin stimulates panc hco3 , and inhibits stomach gastrin

40
Q

What is a unique test for zollinger ellison syndrome

A

admin secretin (normally should ↓ acid)

But in ZE–> secretin will ↑ Acid (gastrin)

41
Q

How does rapid urease test work

A

gastric sample added to urea. ih pH indicator turns pink (basic) H pylori infection is likely

42
Q

What is the portal triad

A

runs through the hepatoduodenal ligament

Hepatic Artery
Portal Vein
Common bile duct

43
Q

What does vitamin e deficiency look like

A

ataxia
Hemolytic anemia
↓ proprioception/ vibratory

*results from oxidative stress

44
Q

What’s the major reasons for SCC of esophagus in USA

A

tobacco

alcohol

45
Q

What is the biopsy finding in UC

A

inflammatory infiltrate involving mucosa and submucosa

46
Q

What is missing in hirschsprung

A

meisner autonomic in submucosal

auerbach autonomic plexus in myenteric

47
Q

How do you treat congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

low doses of steroids to suppress ACTH and reduce adrenal cortex production

48
Q

What does VIP do

A

stimulates intestinal water secretion

Conteracts gastrin

promotes bicarb from panc

49
Q

What stimulates somatostatin

A

↓ pH stimulates it (from lots of places)

It inhibits pretty much everything

50
Q

what makes the gall bladder contract

A

cholecystokinin

51
Q

what does ricin inhibit

A

60 s

52
Q

what do poisonous mushrooms inhibit

A

mRNA synthesis

s/s: NVD and liver damage

53
Q

what liver biopsy finding would you see with hepatitis

A

hepatocyte swelling from atp depletion

hepatocyte apoptosis

pmn infiltration

54
Q

What does cholestyramine do

A

bile acid sequestrant

55
Q

What is the best gallstone prevention rx?

A

ursodiol
nontoxic bile acid
↑ bile acid, ↓ cholesterol secretion

56
Q

how many calories for protein

A

4 cal/gram

57
Q

how many calories for fat

A

9 cal/ gram

58
Q

What GI cancer has signet rings

A

diffuse gastric adenocarcinoma, loss of e-cadherin

–> linitis plastica

59
Q

Define crigler najjar

A

AR

genetic lack of uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase

hyperbilirubinemia–> kernicterus–> death

60
Q

How does carcinoid syndrome present

A

facial flushing
bronchospasm
diarrhea
hypotension

61
Q

what is chvostek sign

A

hypocalcemia

facial twitch upon tapping

62
Q

where is the portal vein

A

anterior to vena cava

UWorld journal (51 decks)

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