Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 2 > Vaccination > Flashcards

Vaccination Flashcards

1
Q

What is natural passive immunity

A

Transfer of maternal antibodies across the placenta to the breast milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define passive immunisation

A

Transfer of preformed antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name three conditions the natural immunity from mother protects us from

A
  1. Tetanus
  2. Rubella
  3. Mumps
  4. Poliovirus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is artificial passive immunisation

A

Treatment with pooled normal human IgG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is agammaglobulinaemia

A

B cell defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Role of antisera

A

Neutralise toxins after immune system eliminates primary infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the problem with treatment using passive immunity

A

Does not activate immunological memory so no long-term protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of passive immunisation is given to people exposed to Botulism, Tetanus or Diphtheria

A

Anti-toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of passive immunisation is given to people exposed to Hepatitis, Measles and Rabies

A

Used prophylactically to reduce the chance of establishing infection after exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is given to people with jellyfish stings

A

Anti-venoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define active immunisation/vaccination

A

Manipulating the immune system to generate a persistent protective response against pathogens by safely mimicking natural infections (IgG or IgA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define inoculation

A

Introduction of viable microorganisms into the subject

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the aims of a ‘perfect’ vaccine

A
  1. Achieve long-term protection
  2. Stimulate both B and T cells
  3. Induce memory B and T cells
  4. Stimulate high affinity IgG and IgA production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the issue with influenza

A

Becomes established before immunological memory can activate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do we overcome the immunological issues faced with influenza

A

Maintain high levels of neutralising antibodies by repeated immunisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How long does it take for polio to establish infection in the nervous system

A

3 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a consequence of the 3 day lag to establish infection of polio in the nervous system

A

Provides opportunity for memory to be activated and production of neutralising antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the first stage of innate immune system

A
  1. Elicit ‘danger’ signals that activate the immune system such as PAMPs which engage the TLRs on T cells
  2. APC
  3. Engage the adaptive immune system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Example of an APC

A

Dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What four conditions do we use attenuate pathogens to cause immunity with

A

TB
Polio
Typhoid
Mumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where are attenuated organisms for polio collected from

A

Monkey kidney epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where are attenuated TB pathogens collected from

A

BCG

23
Q

What are the advantages of attenuated organisms

A
  1. Sets up transient infection
  2. Activation of full natural immune response
  3. Stimulation of memory response in T and B cell compartments
  4. Prolonged contact with immune system
24
Q

Disadvantages of attenuated organisms

A
  1. Immunocompromised patients can be infected
  2. Revert back to original form (measles)
  3. Difficult to store (refrigeration) so can’t be used in some areas of the world
25
Q

Name three inactivated pathogens

A
  1. Anthrax
  2. Cholera
  3. Hepatitis A
26
Q

Advantages of inactivated pathogens

A
  1. No risk of infection

2. Storage is less critical

27
Q

Disadvantages of inactivated pathogens

A
  1. Just activate the humoral response
  2. Lack of T cell involvement
  3. Without transient infection the immune response can be weak
  4. Repeated booster vaccines required (patient compliance issue)
28
Q

What are toxoids

A

Inactivated exotoxins

29
Q

What is the role of exotoxins

A

Produce symptoms of a disease

30
Q

Exotoxins in diphtheria

A

Inhibits translation by inactivating EF2 factor = necrosis of heart and liver

31
Q

Exotoxins in tetanus

A

Neurotoxin resulting in uncontrolled contraction of voluntary muscles

32
Q

What are the advantages of using toxoids

A
  1. Safer than handling pathogens
  2. No risk of infection
  3. Easier to store and preserve
33
Q

Disadvantages of using toxoids

A
  1. Immune response is less powerful than to live attenuated vaccines
  2. Repeat vaccinations required and adjuvants
34
Q

Define adjuvant

A

Any substance that is added to a vaccine to stimulate the immune system

Ensures powerful immune response

35
Q

How do toxoids work

A

Trigger immune system and send out ‘danger signals’

36
Q

How do microbes work

A

Trigger immune system and send out danger signals

37
Q

How do aluminium salts work

A

Extend half life of immunogen in site of infection resulting in depot effect - slow release of vaccine

38
Q

Role of DNA vaccines

A

Aim to transiently express genes from pathogens in host cells
Generates immune response similar to natural infection leading to T and B cell memory responses

39
Q

Advantages of DNA vaccines

A
  1. DNA vaccines do not require complex storage

2. Delivery can be simple and adaptable to widespread programs (no refrigeration is necessary)

40
Q

Disadvantages of DNA vaccines

A

As with ‘killed’ vaccines and subunit vaccines there is no transient infection

DNA vaccination is likely to produce a mild immune response and requires subsequent boosting

41
Q

Role of recombinant vector vaccine

A

Imitates effect of transient infection with pathogen but using a non-pathogenic organism

42
Q

How does recombinant vector vaccine work

A

Genes for major pathogen antigens are introduced into non-pathogenic microbes and then into the host

Can be viral or bacterial

43
Q

Advantages of recombinant vector vaccines

A

Produces immunological memory

Safe

44
Q

Disadvantages of recombinant vector vaccines

A

Require refrigeration

Immune response to virus can negate effectiveness

45
Q

How is the pathogen attenuated for polio

A

Prolonges culture of virus weakens their potency

46
Q

How is BCG attenuated for TB

A

Grown for 13 years on medium containing bile

47
Q

What are three types of subunit vaccines

A
  1. Toxoids
  2. Capsular polysaccharides
  3. Recombinant microbial antigens
48
Q

How is Men C treated

A

Using capsular polysaccharides

49
Q

Role of capsular polysaccharides

A

Protective immunity to encapsulated bacteria

50
Q

How do capsular polysaccharides provide protective immunity

A

Block opsonisation

51
Q

What is opsonisation

A

Coating of the organism with specific antibodies and complements which allows phagocytosis

52
Q

Property of capsular polysaccharides

A

Highly polar, hydrophilic cell surface polymers.

53
Q

What is the problem with synthetic peptides as vaccines

A

Peptides can either be stimulatory or supressive

Year 2 (155 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions