Notifiable Diseases and immunisations - PUBLIC HEALTH Flashcards
Name some notifiable diseases
- Cholera
- Plague
- Rabies
- Smallpox
- Yellow fever
Name four diseases that need specific control measures
- Acute infectious hepatitis
- Foodbourne
- Scarlet fever
- TB
What is the role of surveillance
- Detection of any changes in a disease (forecasting)
- Track change sin disease (extent and severity)
Allows interventions tone targeted at vulnerable groups
What are polysaccharide vaccines
- Contain polysaccharide antiegns
Cons of polysaccharide vaccines
- Not long-lasting
2. response in infants is poor
Cons of live attenuated vaccines
Takes time
Causes mild form of disease
What is primary vaccine failure
Person doesn’t develop immunity from the vaccine
What is secondary vaccine failure
Initially response but protection wanes over time
What is meningococcal infection caused by
Neisseria meningitidis
Is meningococcus easily spread
No
How is meningococcus spread
Mouth to mouth or inhaling respiratory secretions from the mouth
Close prolonged contact is required
What people does meningococcus effect
Less than 5 years of age
Under 1s
What are the most common pathogenic serogroups of neisseria meningitidis
- B
- C
- A
- Y
- W135
Most common serogroups in the UK
- B
2. C
Symptoms of sequelae (meningitis)
- Brain abscess
- Brain damage
- Hearing impairment
- Organ failure
- Gangrene
- Death
Clinical management of sequelae
- Antibiotic: Cefotaxime
NEED TO PREVENT FURTHER CASES: Notification, contact tracing and prophylaxis
Must be notified WITHOUT delay
What people are considered to have been contacted with meningitis
Any person in close contact with a case in the past 7 days (kissing, sleeping with, spendingg more than 8 hours in the same room)
When can prophylaxis be given for meningitis
Once contacts have been identified
Whats the glass test for meningitis
Petechial spots do not blanch under pressure
What prophylaxis is used in meningitis treatment
1, Ciprofloxacin (older children and adults)
- Rifampicin (not pregnant women)
- reduces spread
What is the green book
Guidance on immunisations in the UK
Define septicaemia
Large volumes of bacteria entering the bloodstream causing blood poisoning
What is intermittent claudication
- Atherosclerotic blockages causes functional vasospasm
How is intermittent claudication diagnosed
Relieved by rest Leg pain (calf)
How is intermittent claudication treated
Revascularisation
What is critical limb ischaemia
- Advanced stage of Peripheral Artery Disease
2. Defined as a triad: Rest pain, arterial insufficiency ulcers and gangrene
How is critical limb rest pain exacerbated
Elevating the limb
How is critical limb rest pain relived
Sitting or standing
How is critical limb treated
Revascularisation
How is Peripheral artery disease diagnosed
- Muscle atrophy
- Blueness of limb
- Decreased pulses
- decreased temperature
- Ankle-brachial index
What is ABI
Measures ratio of systolic BP in ankle to systolic BP in upper arm
Describe the classification of PAD
I - Asymptomatic
IIa - intermittent claudication after walking 200 m
IIb - intermittent claudication after walking less than 200m
III - rest pain
Iv - gangrene in limb
